Analysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1311 Words

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a very popular epic that is difficult to understand at first, which is why there is different translations of the same book. Although Foster and Sander’s translations have a lot of similar words and the stories are basically the same, there are also a lot of differences between the two. One of which is more straightforward and easier to understand, whereas the other is more of an in depth thoughtful read for the reader. Both translations differences have their own particular reasons for doing so, and add to the depiction of the story. I feel like the translation in the Anthology is a more complex read, whereas Sander’s translation is much easier to understand. Each translation of the flood is very much different.†¦show more content†¦It allows the reader to have a picture or thought in their head through knowing how extreme it is with a woman in labor and the whole birth process as a whole. Despite the flood, back tracking to the beginning of each of the stories it talks about why Enkidu was created and who created him. The goddess of creation, Aruru created the almighty Gilgamesh and Enkidu was needed to calm and settle Gilgamesh down because he had been troubling Uruk. Both translations talk about creating Gilgamesh a partner; however, Sanders says â€Å"leave Uruk in quiet† and Foster’s says â€Å" that Uruk may have peace†. Honestly, those two differences actually has a big impact on the story. Saying to leave â€Å"Uruk in quiet† doesn’t explain or describe the need for Gilgamesh to calm down as severely as it really is. It seems that the translation did not focus very much on Enkidu’s importance. On the contrary, the Anthology â€Å"that Uruk may have peace† more effectively explains how bad Gilgamesh is being towards the people. Therefore, Enkidu’s importance is further revealed by Foster. In terms of my initial reaction to each of the translations, I personally liked different aspects of each one, I wouldn’t say I like one over the other. I think it is important that Sander’s translation is more straightforward and easier to read; however, I also feel that leaving out important aspects of the story takes away from the overall meaning of the characters, such as Enkidu’s importance exclaimedShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Analysis1436 Words   |  6 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh –Summary and analysis Introduction The Epic of Gilgamesh is an excerpt of the original text of the Epic listed in the Sources of the Western Tradition, 5th edition, by Perry, Peden and Von Laue (2003). The Epic of Gilgamesh is the story of King Gilgamesh who is the powerful king of Uruk, the incidents in his life, the associations he makes, the encounters he has, and the transition that occurs in his life in relation to his gainingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a story of heroes fighting a war not in a battlefield but within their own selves and amongst each other, struggling with their own emotions and attributions to attain the best version of themselves and to fulfill the utmost quest of life. With the use of two very different yet so similar characters: Enkidu and Gilgamesh, the epic explains two aspects of same psyche, and different imageries, one of which is door, have been used in the text to explain interactions betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of The E pic Of Gilgamesh Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesHERE As readers delve into the depths of The Epic of Gilgamesh, they perceive the allure to dreams which has captivated humanity for centuries. The epic poem uses dreams as a symbolic representation of the human mind and its ceaseless bounds. Given the Mesopotamian culture’s importance in regards to their religion, dreams provide the only means of one connecting with their future and deities. Furthermore, each mental fantasy referenced within the epic delineates the rationale of all beings to actRead MoreAnalysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh The epic of Gilgamesh is the earliest primary document discovered in human history dating back to approximately 2,000 B.C.E. This document tells a story of an ancient King Gilgamesh, ruler of Sumer in 2,700 B.C.E. who is created gloriously by gods as one third man and two third god. In this epic, Gilgamesh begins his kingship as an audacious and immature ruler. Exhausted from complaints, the gods send a wild man named Enkidu to become civilized and assist GilgameshRead MoreEpic Of Gilgamesh Literary Analysis1837 Words   |  8 Pagesmortality, divinity, punishments are told through stories of individuals and societies. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian book that was written long before the Bible. A comparison of the literary elements show several similarities that lead many religious and cultural scholars, as well as historians to contend that the accounts in the Old Testaments were derived from the Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh and Bible were both written as sources o f moral messages for religious practices and guidesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1449 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning in The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is a bully king who frightens and annoys the people of Uruk. After the gathering with Enkidu and becoming his friend does Gilgamesh transform, into a hero worthy of history. The brotherly or â€Å"bromantic† ( considering the questionable relationship they have) love the two have for each other helps Gilgamesh become an better leader to his people by permitting him to better understand and identify with them. Even though the myth of Gilgamesh is very ancientRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh tells the legend of King Gilgamesh of Uruk and his adventures with the feral human Enkidu. At the beginning Gilgamesh shares a lot of similarities to Egyptian Pharaohs. He’s worshiped by his people in a way that’s almost pious and holds himself up with a certain arrogance. The only difference with Gilgamesh is he is one part deity and two parts human. Over the coarse of the Epic we see Gilgamesh’s demeanor change to a more humble one. This change can be attributed to the trialsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 738 Words   |  3 PagesBaily Broussard Mr. Guidry World History 4 December 2015 The Epic of Gilgamesh In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh terrorizes the people or Uruk. Because of this, they call out to the sky god Anu for help. Anu decides to turn to the goddess of creation, Aruru whom makes an equal for Gilgamesh. Aruru created Enkidu to be just like Gilgamesh and for them to contend together and leave Uruk in quiet. When Gilgamesh got up and went to the house of a bride waiting for the bridegroom, Enkidu stepped outRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1284 Words   |  6 PagesPerhaps one of the earliest pieces of literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh is a tale about a Mesopotamian king named Gilgamesh who crudely dominates the natural world surrounding his gleaming society. Juxtaposing Gilgamesh’s godlike stature, Enkidu is a wild beast used to counterbalance the king in a literary sense. The hierarchical dichotomy expressed in the epic has appeared thematically within numerous mediums, including the revered artwork of Jean-Michel Basquiat. Raised in the Lower East Sid e (LES)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1119 Words   |  5 PagesTranslation Comparison Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh has been read and reviewed/ critiqued by numerous authors. I took the articles’ ‘Angiology in the Epic of Gilgamesh’ by Th. Jacobson, and compared it to Benjamin Fosters ‘A New edition of the Epic of Gilgamesh’ These two articles both critique the writings of The Epic of Gilgamesh but in different ways. Foster’s article is a critique on a critique that has been written about The Epic of Gilgamesh, where as Jacobson critiques the epic itself, so we are

Essay about clockwork orange - 1467 Words

â€Å"A man who cannot choose ceases to be a man.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Anthony Burgess nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Clockwork Orange is a novel about moral choice and free will. Alex’s story shows what happens when an individual’s right to choose is robbed for the good of society. The first and last chapters place Alex in more or less the same physical situation but his ability to exercise free will leads him to diametrically opposite choices—good versus evil. The phrase, â€Å"what’s it going to be then, eh?,† echoes throughout the book; only at the end of the novel is the moral metamorphosis complete and Alex is finally able to answer the question, and by doing so affirms his freedom of choice. The capacity to choose freely is the attribute that distinguishes†¦show more content†¦The technique is a scientific experiment designed to take away moral choice from criminals. The technique conditions a person to feel intense pain and nausea whenever they have a violent thought. The key moral theme of A Clockwork Orange is articulat ed during a chat between the alcoholic prison chaplain and Alex two weeks before he enters treatment. He reflects on the moral questions raised by the treatment that will force Alex to be good. â€Å"Does God want goodness or the choice of goodness? Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some way better than a man who has the good imposed on him?† The government experiment fails to realize that good and evil come from within the self. The Ludovico Technique messes with Alex’s internal clockwork. He transforms into a being that is unable to distinguish good from evil. The altering of his personality makes him, â€Å"as decent a lad as you would meet on a May morning, unvicious, unviolent†¦inclined to the kindly word and helpful act,† but his actions are dictated only by self-interest to avoid the horrible sickness that comes along with evil thoughts. He has no real choice, â€Å"he ceases to be a wrongdoer. He ceases also to be a creature of moral choice.à ¢â‚¬  Being stripped of his free will, Alex is no longer a human he is the government’s toy. â€Å"Choosing to be deprived of the ability to make an ethical choice [does not mean] you have in a sense really chosen the good.† AlexShow MoreRelatedA Clockwork Orange1450 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange is a dystopian novel set in an oppressive, futuristic state. Published in 1962, A Clockwork Orange is an extremely intense, graphic, and, at times, horrifying novel. A reader begins to question their own values as they become numb and desensitized to the violence at hand. Both behaviorism and free will is occurring throughout A Clockwork Orange. A Clockwork Orange brings up a question, how much control of our own free will do we actually have? Do we reallyRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay: Blindness in A Clockwork Orange970 Words   |  4 PagesBlindness in A Clockwork Orange In the novel, A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess has tried to show the importance of individual freedom over doing the right thing. He has taken an extreme example of violence and perverse acts to accent his strong belief. It is my opinion that Burgess has been blinded to some essential truths in his quest to ensure personal freedom. Personal freedom can be described as acting upon your own accord and not becoming restricted by the social paradigm in which youRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay551 Words   |  3 Pages A Clockwork Orange Authors who write of other times and places help us to better understand our own lives. Discuss A Clockwork Orange in terms of that statement. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A â€Å"clockwork orange† can be described as something that has a convincing outer appearance yet in the inside is merely controlled by outer influences, such as a clock set in motion by its owner. In A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess takes us into the future where violent criminals are forced to be â€Å"goodRead MoreEssay on A Clockwork Orange916 Words   |  4 Pages I think that A Clockwork Orange is a book worth reading because it is relatable, makes you think, and is interesting. The author, Anthony Burgess, was born February 25, 1917. At the young age of two his mother passed away. He was brought up by his aunt and later his stepmother. Even with such an unstable childhood Burgess continued on to enroll in college and major in English. He had a passion for music, which he expressed in the main character of A Clockwork Orange. Burgess wrote several accomplishedRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay553 Words   |  3 PagesA Clockwork Orange We are first introduced to Alex (Malcolm McDowell) in the company of his posse, strangely sipping drugged milk in a freakish bar with anatomically indiscrete manikins serving as tittie-taps and tables. The ensuing scenes flash from Alex and his three droogs brutally beating an old man to a violent rape scene to a semi-chaotic gang-brawl. The story is of Alex and his love of the old ultra-violence, his act of murder, his betrayal and imprisonment, and his cure (twice). Read MoreA Clockwork Orange Analysis1497 Words   |  6 PagesOn the surface a Clockwork Orange written in 1962 by Anthony Burgess appears to be a protest novel criticising a totalitarian government’s prohibition of free will and censoring free speech. The Government in A Clockwork Orange appears extremely socialistic and it extends complete control over all its citizens, Burgess appears to abhors the lack of freedom in government-controlled societies and as a result despite Alex’s violent crimes Burgess paints the removal of free will through the LudovicoRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay612 Words   |  3 Pages A Clockwork Orange nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To leave out the final chapter of A Clockwork Orange is to change the entire meaning of the novel; as Burgess says in the introduction, his story is transformed into a fable. Without the last chapter the reader is left with a dark and pessimistic theme, that absolute good and evil exist in this world and it is possible for a man to be pure evil. Alex is conditioned and unconditioned, and in the end all indications point to a malicious life of crimeRead MoreAnthony Burgess and A Clockwork Orange987 Words   |  4 PagesImagine existing in a world run by sadistic and insane street gangs who reek havoc on innocent civilians, and there is absolutely nothing you can do about it. Anthony Burgess created this world through his novel, A Clockwork Orange. Anthony Burgess was born in 1917 and died in 1963. A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through thoseRead MorePleasantville And A Clockwork Orange Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pages Pleasantville and A Clockwork orange are both films that have certain things that are abnormal. Pertaining to Pleasantville it begins in black and white and end to be in color because of being exposed of certain things. In a Clockwork Orange that is exposed with violence robbery is highly unusual because it is not something morally right to do. While analyzing both of these movies they both have certain distortions that can be covered that make their own individually, out of ordinary, a tad shockingRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay2139 Words   |  9 PagesA Clockwork Orange Eat this sweetish segment or spit it out. You are free.amp -Anthony Burgess Anthony Burgess has been heralded as one of the greatest literary geniuses of the twentieth century. Although Burgess has over thirty works of published literature, his most famous is A Clockwork Orange. Burgess’s novel is a futuristic look at a Totalitarian government. The main character, Alex, is an amp;quot;ultra-violentamp;quot; thief who has no problem using force against innocent citizens

Asian Americans as Model Minorities Essay Example For Students

Asian Americans as Model Minorities Essay For 20 years, Asian Americans have been portrayed by the press and the media as a successful minority. Asian Americans are believed to benefit from astounding achievements in education, rising occupational statuses, increasing income, and are problem-fee in mental health and crime. The idea of Asian Americans as a model minority has become the central theme in media portrayal of Asian Americans since the middle 1960s. The term model minority is given to a minority group that exhibits middle class characteristics, and attains some measure of success on its own without special programs or welfare. Asian Americans are seen as a model minority because even though they have faced prejudice and discrimination by other racial groups, they have succeeded socially, economically, and educationally without resorting to political or violent disagreements with the majority race. The success of the minority is offered as proof that the American dream of equal opportunity is capable to those who co nform and who are willing to work hard. Therefore, the term model minority really is a means (1) to control minority groups in society, (2) to validate and reinforce the values of the white majority, and (3) to inform other minority groups that they too could achieve success if they conform to the values and norms of the middle class. Statistics that support this model minority theory can be found in many areas, the first being education. Fifty percent of Asian Americans 25 and older hold a bachelors degreecompared to twenty-nine percent of the white population. Many studies have used standardized tests and school records, such as SAT, GPA, and other measures to compare the academic performance of Asian American students with non-Asian American students. Several studies have indicated that the outstanding academic performance of Asian students might be attributed to their cultural and family values. Another area of model minority success is found in the professional workforce. Asian Americans as a group work in the same place of employment as whites. This alone suggests that they have succeeded. A high percent of Asians are found at the top of professional and managerial positions. This success in the workforce has also lead Asians to hold one of the highest income figures per family by race. On the other hand, the model minority label is also seen as a myth. This label suggests that Asian Americans conform to the norms of society, do well in school and careers, are hardworking and self-sufficient. It follows that Asian Americans are a model for all groups, especially other minority groups. However, a closer look uncovers serious problems for if the model minority label accurately describes Asian success, then they should compare favorably to whites on indicators of success. The myth of the model minority shows up in academics and industry. For example Asians are typically exclu ded from executive standings in public and private areas. In part, this is due to a discriminatory view that they are either content or they are not suited for executive positions despite all their education and abilities. Incomes of Asian Americans are also not what they seem. Asians tend to live in extended families, therefore more members of the household that work contributes to the perceived high-income status. The term model minority is at best and incomplete picture of the Asian-American experience in the United States. Yet this perception continues, in spite of the fact that Asians are also discriminated against and have not achieved equality with whites. Bibliography:WORKS CITEDDelucchi, Michael. The Model Minority Myth and Perceptions of Asian-Americans as Victims of Racial Harrassment. College Student Journal 30 (3) (1996): 411-15. .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 , .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .postImageUrl , .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 , .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:hover , .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:visited , .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:active { border:0!important; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:active , .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120 .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9e531e06f25b8a6ab212e86644be120:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Quantitative And Quantitative Research Methods EssaySchaeffer, Richard. Racial and Ethnic Groups. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 2000. James, Jason. Minorities in America. 8 Jan. 1998

Marketing the Apple Brand E

Executive Summary The use of the internet in marketing goods and services is known as e-marketing. Its proliferation can be attributed to the technological advancement in the modern world. As the digital era conquers humanity and with the rapidly changing advances in information and technology, marketers and advertisers gradually shift strategies in brand promotion and awareness to be in line with such modernization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing the Apple Brand: E-Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apple Inc., further enhances their brand by injecting e-marketing as part of their corporate marketing methods in promoting brand awareness, introducing new products and drawing in more customers as part of the Apple user clan. Though in the past the company adopted traditional marketing strategies in creating pull in the market, the company position itself as one of the leaders in the con sumer electronics and mobile devices industry, it has adopted e-marketing strategies such as the use of online advertisements to endorse new products and services, announce promotions and the company has developed an online Apple store which enables customers to purchase goods and services without the hassle of visiting the nearest Apple store or lining up, products are delivered to the users’ doorsteps in a matter of days. Apple Inc.’s has been popular in terms of its advertising campaigns such as the 1984 Super Bowl Commercial, the 1990s Think Different campaign and the 2000s iPhod people campaign (Apple’s Brand Strategy, n. p.). In the past decades the company’s style of marketing can be seen prominently on their buying of print ads and TV commercials but gradually as the turn of the 21st century dawned, Apple Inc. has been using the internet as part of its marketing campaigns. In the â€Å"Switch† campaign of 2001, Apple used traditional TV and print ads in the campaign but decided to add the usage of the internet by directing users to a website where Mac myths were dispelled (Apple, Google tops in loyalty survey, n. p.). Introduction The turn of the 21st century has given rise to the popularity of the internet where information can be transmitted wirelessly through the World Wide Web. The information age has changed the way people think and behave altering the attitude of the market in consuming products and services. On the business side, marketers and advertisers of corporations and enterprises have slowly adjusted to the digital era by using the internet to their advantages. E-marketing is the process of promoting a brand’s products and services over the internet.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also known and referred to as internet marketing, digital marketing, web marketing, online mar keting or search marketing (Internet Marketing – How, When, Where, n. p.)The concept of e-marketing has a broad scope for it does not only include the act of marketing on the internet, but marketing through emails and wireless media can also be considered as part of its category (Gupta, n. p.). According to Jaakko Sinisalo et al. (772), electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) and digital customer data are also considered part of the e-marketing scope. In his article â€Å"Internet Marketing: A Practical Approach†, Alan Charlesworth (49) mentioned that e-marketing unifies the technical and creative features of the internet. Apple Inc., being a leading brand in the consumer electronics and mobile technology industry, will be the subject of this study where the company’s marketing strategies, especially those involving the internet, will be examined. Types of the internet marketing, such as Pay Per Click/ Impression (PPC/I), Search Engine Optimization (S EO) and Social Media Marketing (SMM) will be discussed in their relation to Apple’s marketing methods and implementations. Also several business models such as one-to one approach, appeal to specific interests, niche marketing and geo-targeting will be tackled in order to have a clear understanding on how the company plans and implements marketing and advertising methods in promoting the Apple brand together with its products and services. In addition, brief discussions with related models of e-commerce, lead based websites, affiliate marketing and local internet marketing will further be examined to see the whole picture of how Apple Inc. markets sell their goods and services and analyze the behavior of customers’ in their patronization and loyalty on the brand. Company’s Profile Apple Inc. is one of the leading technological American multinational companies founded by three college drop outs in summer of 1976. The company was formerly known as Apple Computer I nc. It designs and markets personal computers, consumer electronics and software with its popular product lines include the Macintosh personal computers, MP3 players called the iPod, iPhone mobile phone device and its recently launched tablet line, iPad. According to the information provided in the article â€Å"Apple Retail Store-Store List† (n. p.), Apple Inc. software line includes the Mac OS X for personal computers’ operating systems, iTunes which is a media browser that enables users to download, listen and transfer music files, iLife suite for multimedia and creative works, iWork is suited for office work functions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marketing the Apple Brand: E-Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aperture for professional photographers who wish to edit and manipulate their photos, Final Cut Studio suites to people who are involved in the professional audio and film industry, Logic Studio is suited for music production enthusiasts, the Safari web browser for surfing experience and iOS as the iPhone’s operating system. Apple Inc. operates over 357 retail stores worldwide as of October 2011 in 10 countries (Apple Retail Store-Store List, n.p.). The company has also developed an online store where products and services can be bought at the convenience of the customers (Apple Retail Store-Store List, n. p.). In September 2011, Poornima Gupta and Rodrigo Campos cited that Apple Inc. has become the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization (Gupta, n. p.). Its market value as of August 9, 2011 is $341.5 billion (Gupta, n. p.). Apple Inc. was founded in April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. The company’s headquarters is based on Cupertino, California. It was incorporated on January 3, 1977. On January 9, 2007 (US SEC), after 30 years of being known as Apple Computer Inc. the company decided to remove â€Å"Computer† to be in line with the company’s expansion strategy in the electronics market in addition to its primary focus on the personal computers industry (Markoff, n. p.). According to the United States Security and Exchange commission, â€Å"As of September 25, 2010, the Company had approximately 46,600 full-time equivalent employees and an additional 2,800 full-time equivalent temporary employees and contractors and annual sales worldwide is $65.23 billion† (US SEC). Over the years, Apple has developed an exceptional reputation in the consumer electronics and mobile technology industry due to its broad artistic design philosophy and unique advertising campaigns (Apple Store, n. p.). The company has established a devoted and loyal customer base, especially in the United States which patronizes the company and its brand (Markoff, n. p.). Among the numerous achievements of Apple Inc. is being named the most admired company from years 200 8 – 2011 and was branded as the most valuable public limited company by Fortune magazine (Fisher 65-67, Colvin, 76). Apple’s Online Marketing Strategies and Experiences Apple Inc.’s brand strategy includes the usage of the Apple brand in competing with markets. In the personal computing industry, Apple’s Macintosh product line with its related operating systems and software compete against prominent brands such as IBM, Dell and Sony Vio, while the iPod is the company’s contender in the consumer electronics sector with the iTunes Music Store to cater to users’ need for music download and enjoyment.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 2007, Apple penetrated the smart phone market with the introduction of the iPhone and more recently the tablet industry with the iPad computing device. Apple has also continuously expanded through the AppsStore of iPhones and iPads covering scopes related to magazines, books, games and applications publishing. The company is also competing with Google in the advertising industry with its Apps business and iAd network (Apple’s Brand Strategy, n. p.). Apple Inc.’s product strategy for the past years has always involved the creation of innovative products and services which complement its digital hub strategy (Former Wachovia, n.p.). In the method provided, Apple’s Macintosh products serve as digital hubs for other electronic devices such as the iPod, iPad, personal digital assistants, mobile devices, digital cameras, and video cameras to name a few (Internet Marketing – How, When, Where, n.p.). The main focus of Apple Inc.’s product strat egy is the customers’ experiences with Apple products. The company’s main competency and advantage among other companies in the industry is its ability to deliver outstanding experience to its customers through excellent user interfaces. Apple based its product strategy on the said competence they posses through its products such as iTunes, iPhone, and the Apple Apps store. Apple focuses on the emotions and feelings of its past, present and future customers in marketing the brand. Its brand personality is all about the lifestyle it may provide to its prospects. Apple’s brand personality revolves around the notion of being imaginative, free and liberated, innovative, passionate, as well as the having passion, hope, dreams and aspirations (World’s Most Admired Companies, n.p.). The brand’s general theme is about people attaining power through technology. â€Å"The Apple brand personality is also about simplicity and the removal of complexity from pe ople’s lives; people-driven product design; and about being a really humanistic company with a heartfelt connection with its customers† (marketingminds.com). Apple’s primary marketing strategy is not about selling products but the provision of exclusivity among its customers. There is a sense of community among Apple users who remain to be loyal to the brand. The equity of the brand, as well as customer franchise exemplified by the company is very strong. Its strong customer based has been essential to the company’s success over the past decades especially during the economic crisis of the 90s, and it has also helped the company maintain its premium pricing compared to its competitors. Apple’s pricing strategy has enabled it to survive against the low prices brought about by other IT competitors. The personal computer industry has a small market, thus vendors tend to wage price wars in order to compete and survive in the business. Most notably, the supply chain and manufacturing economies of Dell has proved to be an obstacle to PC vendors with weaker brand equity. On the other hand, Apple has further improved and advanced its manufacturing economies and supply chain management together with logistics and operations so that it can compete with those of Dell (Apple’s Brand Strategy, n. p.). Apple has managed to attain similar product costs with Dell but the former’s products are more premium in pricing because of additional cost advantage where the company has its own operating system thus there is no agreement to pay for licences to another company for Apple’s case. The Apple brand is centralized on its promise of providing the best customer experience and satisfaction through its products and technology. In order to have more control over the brand’s image together with its product distribution and services, Apple has opened its own Apple Stores in strategic locations such as in high end malls and q uality shopping venues to cater to the needs of its customers. â€Å"Apple provides Apple Mac-expert retail floor staff to selected resellers’ stores (such as Australian department store David Jones); it has entered into strategic alliances with other companies to co-brand or distribute Apple’s products and services (for example, HP who was selling a co-branded form of iPod and pre-loading iTunes onto consumer PCs and laptops though in retrospect this may now just have been a stepping-stone). Apple has also increased the accessibility of iPods through various resellers that do not currently carry Apple Macintosh systems (such as Harvey Norman), and has increased the reach of its online stores† (Apple’s Brand Strategy, n. p.). The main purpose of opening Apple stores is for prospective customers to appreciate the values of Apple’s brand. Customers are invited into a stimulating and carefree environment where they are to discover the latest innovatio ns of Apple, be assisted in their queries about the company and products and be able to experience firsthand the goods and services Apple has to offer. The main purpose of the store is to provide a preview to prospects of the exclusive community one will experience in getting an apple product. The marketing strategies of Apple Inc. have been fairly unique because in the past decades of its existence it has impressively captured loyal customers who patronized the brand even with its premium pricing. The company’s advertising campaigns have been very popular because they reflected the company’s way of marketing products. Significant ad campaigns of Apple Inc. include their 1984 Super Bowl Commercial, Think Different campaign in the 1990s and the iPod people campaign in the 2000s (World’s Most Admired Companies, n. p.). During the 1980s to the early 1990s, Apple has adopted traditional means of advertising by buying print ad space in magazines, as well as conductin g TV commercials to further expose the brand. In 1984, Apple Inc., then Apple Computer Inc., first introduced Macintosh through a TV commercial which aired nationally on January 22, 1984 during a Super Bowl break. This begun the series of Apple’s advertising campaigns with the use of TV commercials and print advertisements. On June 10, 2002, the company launched the Switch advertising campaign where real people who have switched from using Windows Microsoft to Mac were featured in the advertisement campaign. The campaign was carried out through television commercials and print advertisements but users who observed and witness the materials were directed to a website where the invalid information about the Mac platform was disproved. Though the campaign was not successful, it was replaced by the â€Å"Get a Mac† campaign, â€Å"Switch† was the first major attempt of Apple to use the internet in marketing their campaigns. After that, the campaigns were followed by the usage of both traditional methods, such as TV commercials and print advertising and modern strategies such as e-marketing in promoting the apple brand. Research Methodology The researcher has adopted the explanatory method of research in conducting the study. An explanatory study’s principal objective is to know and understand the trait and mechanisms of relationship and association between variables. It is mainly concerned in seeking and providing an explanation. Explanatory research characteristically seeks to recognize and clarify causal associations which are substantively significant and meaningful. In this sort of study, secondary existing data has been observed and analyzed. Hypotheses have been developed which are examined and experienced in the light of the existing literature and after that observed whether the data composed and collected can either be called on to support or disprove those hypotheses. This sort of approach seeks descriptive and explanatory typ e research by means of case studies and observational data. This type or research can have many goals; first, it is the development of a mental picture of the topic which is under observation. Second is to determine the research feasibility. Third is to refine the research ideas by formulating different questions. Fourth is that the initial ideas can be built up. In a nut shell, there are so many advantages of explanatory research. This kind of method will cover most of the aspects and perspectives concerned with data gathering, collection and analysis. Using the explanatory method, an analysis of Apple Inc.’s e-marketing strategy will be discussed. In order to further understand the strategies of e-marketing and how Apple Inc. utilizes the internet in strengthening its brand by creating product awareness and conducting promotional activities, literature available from the internet with reliable source was the priority in gathering facts to further strengthen and enhance the arguments of this paper. Data collected from the internet are those write ups regarding online advertisements, e-marketing, its strategies, its business modules and marketing methods associated with the internet. Relevant literature, such as Apple Inc.’s company background and history were also reviewed for this paper, as well as write ups from different sources about the company’s marketing strategies over the past decades of its existence and how it keeps up with the advancement of technology in the information age. Journal articles found online, as well as online newspaper clippings were also taken into consideration to further attain a non-bias analysis of Apple’s marketing strategies with the use of the internet. In analysing data, a brief background of e-marketing was reviewed to have comprehensive information with regards to the strategy. Different types of e-marketing such as Pay Per Click/ Impression (PPC/ I), Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Social Media Marketing (SMM) were identified to determine Apple Inc.’s usage of the strategies. Business models associated with e-marketing were also put into account so as to check whether the strategies of the chosen company overlap with such business models. E-Marketing The broad scope of e-marketing will further be discussed in this section where the types of the internet marketing, business models and approaches will be discussed to give us a background on the topic. E-marketing is divided into 3 types namely Pay Per Click/ Impression (PPC/I), Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Social Media Marketing (SMM). In the PPC/I pre-decided websites are used to generate leads for the companies who are using online advertisements to create brand awareness and visibility, as well as product introduction and promotions. Another type of e-marketing is the SEO which improves the visibility of the websites in search engines via search results and lastly SMM where it provides a venue for ve ndors and customers to interact via a social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumber and others. E-marketing’s diversity of scope has lead to its association with several other business models, such as e-commerce where goods and services are sold directly to customers. Examples of e-commerce sites are Amazon, Ebay and Apple Store. In e-commerce customers can pay the vendor via online banking, credit cards or PayPal accounts. Second, lead-based websites where organizations acquire sales leads from websites. In Affiliate marketing, goods and services are sold by other resellers and the profits are shared. The vendor may supply marketing support to the reseller such as the provision of marketing materials though such model can be closely associated with e-commerce. Lastly, in local internet marketing, small local companies utilize SMM to develop a relationship which may be advantageous in real world encounters. Business models and approaches of e-marketing are one-to-o ne approaches, appeals to specific interests, niche marketing and geo-targeting. In a one-to-one approach, advertisers and marketers based the scope of their advertisements on the search engine keywords entered by the internet users while in appeal to specific interests, users who have a specific behavior or interests are being targeted by marketers. Markets are typically segmented according to age group, gender, geography to name a few factors. In the niche marketing, the target audience is specified. Lastly, the geo-targeting approach deals with determining the location of the internet user who visits a given website. Contents are delivered to the internet user basing from his location. Findings and Analysis At the turn of the 21st century Apple Inc. has been utilizing the internet in endorsing and strengthening its brand, as well as promoting its products and services to the internet users around the globe. The prominence of e-marketing among marketers of small-medium enterprises or even large corporations such as Apple Inc. can be associated with its advantages of being inexpensive with regards to the level of exposures it may cover and reach target audience. Through e-marketing, vendors can be able to reach a wide range of audience in a small amount of time as compared to that of traditional marketing where many factors are needed to be considered before execution because traditional means may involve a huge amount of money. Another advantage of e-marketing is that exposures can be measured easily and cheaper compared to traditional means because in e-marketing ad servers which trace, measure and tests information posted on the internet. Apple Inc. uses all types of e-marketing in its ad campaigns and exposures. It seems to be a standard for the company to PPC/I in measuring the number of users who clicked or visited their websites. During the â€Å"Switch† campaign in 2002, Apple directed prospects to a website with valid information in order for them to test the efficiency of the campaign they used PPC/I. In order to improve the visibility of Apple, SEO is used as a process via search results. Although this method is free, the popularity or the search ability of a brand or company may depend on the browser giants such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Safari. This method can be manipulated with certain agreements with the vendors. The development of Safari has placed Apple at an advantageous position for they are their own vendor. SMM has been the most popular e-marketing type in the World Wide Web. Registration via Facebook, Twitter and Tumbler are free and the spread of information can be delivered in split seconds. Apple Inc. has also used this strategy most often with the creation of their very own fan pages via the said social networking sites. It has enabled the internet users to gain access to the latest updates of the company and its products, as well as promotions and sales. E-marketing has b rought about aggressive purchasing behavior among Apple customers that the business model of e-commerce gave rise to Apple’s online store where customers can buy products online and have goods and services delivered to their desired addresses. Though lead based websites are not usually utilized by the company, Apple tends to use affiliate marketing and local internet marketing in order to have other resellers sell the company’s products. Approaches of Apple’s e-marketing strategy may be in line with the appeal to specific interests and niche marketing methods. Upon observations, the company’s advertisements since 1984 have appealed to the creative people with the revolutionary software offered by the company to cater to the artistic needs of its target market. Apple has also developed a niche marketing approach in the usage of the internet where the segregation of product software such as for musical lovers, professional photographers and the like have en abled the company to focus on specific types of markets. Apple has adopted specific methods in the enhancement of its marketing strategies but its still continues to prioritize traditional options in promoting events such as the Mac World Expo and Apple Expo. Conclusion and Recommendation The emergence of the information age has led to the significance of the internet as a viable tool in information dissemination. Advertisers and marketers alike have taken advantage of the World Wide Web in reaching out to their target audience in creating brand awareness and recall, as well as using the internet as an avenue in promoting products and services. In the light of the 21st century, Apple Inc. has been prominent with regards to their marketing strategy and advertising creativity. Such methods define the company’s marketing platforms in terms of their products and services’ direction. Their advertisements have captured their target markets, thus creating a loyal customer bas e which patronizes the brand. Such achievements attained by the company enabled them to survive especially with the aggressive marketing tactics of IT companies in capturing market shares through price wars. Apple Inc.’s customers salvaged the company from folding and closing down during the hard economic times of the 90s where its competitor, Dell, had personal computers at a cheaper price with good manufacturing economies and impressive supply management. Apple Inc. focused its marketing strategies on honing the Apple brand to be customer centered, thus the experience of the customers with regards to Apple products is the primary source of the company’s marketers in positioning the brand. In 1984, Apple first released its ad campaign introducing the Macintosh product line. The company spent thousands of dollars to produce a 60 second television commercial and also bought print ads in newspapers in order to create brand awareness. The advertisement at the Super Bowl g ave a strong impression of Apple among viewers, and over the years, the company has utilized such strategies as the production and airing of television commercials and the placement of ad materials in magazine pages to further promote the Apple brand. In 2002, Apple has used the internet in its marketing campaign where users were directed to a website by Apple’s TV commercials and print advertisements. In its latest campaign, Apple has shown progress in its e-marketing strategies by utilizing the internet more. In the company’s â€Å"Get a Mac† campaign, social networking sites were used to spread the commercial campaign, even on YouTube, a series of videos from the campaign is being shown. The popularity of the internet has resulted into a series of gimmicks among marketers with the use of the internet. Since e-marketing has proven itself to be effective in capturing target markets, efficient for with a lesser time needed to prepare compared to traditional meth ods and it is inexpensive, marketers can do more creative campaigns through the internet. Apple alone has utilized the internet in promoting its campaign. The company has ventured out to e-commerce with the creation of the Apple store where customers can purchase online without the hassle of traffic or falling in line. Works Cited â€Å"Apple’s Brand Strategy†. Marketingminds.com. Marketing Minds., 2011. Web. â€Å"Apple, Google tops in loyalty survey†. Macnn.com.  MacNN., 11 July 2006 July 11, 2006. Web. â€Å"Apple Retail Store-Store List†. Apple.com. n.d. Web. â€Å"Apple Store†. Apple.com. Apple Inc., n.d. Web. Charlesworth, Alan. Internet marketing: a practical approach. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009. Print. Colvin, Geoff. â€Å"The World’s Most Admired Companies 2009†. Fortune  159. 5 (2009): 76. Print. Fisher, Anne. â€Å"America’s Most Admired Companies†. Fortune  157.5 (2008): 65–67. Prin t. â€Å"Former Wachovia Direct Marketing Executives Launch Full Service Online Marketing and Web Design Company†. Prweb.com. PR Web., 21 March 2011. Web. Gupta, Poornima.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Apple briefly passes Exxon as largest U.S. company†. Reuters., 9 August 2011. Web. â€Å"Internet Marketing – How, When, Where?†. Daily Mirror., n.d. Web. Markoff, John.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"New Mobile Phone Signals Apple’s Ambition†. The New York Times., 9 January 2007. Web. Sinisalo, Jaakko et al. â€Å"Mobile customer relationship management: underlying issues and challenges†.  Business Process Management Journal  13.6 (2007): 772. Print. US SEC. â€Å"Form 8-K SEC Filing†. United States Security and Exchange Commission. 10 January 2007. Print. â€Å"World’s Most Admired Companies†. Fortune., March 2010. Web. This research paper on Marketing the Apple Brand: E-Marketing was written and submitted by user Josephine Phelps to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effects of Internet and World Wide Web on Globalization

Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essays

Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essays Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essay Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Every day, the number of people in the world is rising. Because of that phenomenon the rapid development forced to do to accommodate the total population such as urbanization. However, the unwell planning development was done that made our environment in trouble. The major factor of this happening because less understanding of surrounding environment and ecological aspect while planning the urbanization. One profession that closely related with designing the sustainable urbanization is landscape architects. The development of landscape urbanism theory and its implementation into the field of practice is outlined with particular focus on its position of redefining the role of landscape architect. Global movements of urbanization, increasing awareness of urban ecology and analysis of modern planning lead to the important responses that landscape urbanism applies to modern projects. Landscape urbanism holds a promising future in determining sustainable urban form. Continued long-term investment in applying the theory to practice will lead to a balance relationship similar to the requirement between landscape and urbanism. 2. URBANIZATION 2. 1Definition of urbanization Urbanization as defined by Paul Jenkins (2007) normally refers to the demographic process of shifting the balance of national population from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ areas; urbanization rate indicates the proportion of the population living in urban areas at a given time; and urban growth rate is a measurement of the expansion of the number of inhabitants living in urban settlements. Meanwhile, Basudeb Bhatta (2010) defined urbanization as non-spatial and social process which refers to the changes of behavior and social relationships that occur in social dimensions as a result of people living in town and cities. Urbanization is also defined by United Nation (2005) as ‘movement of people from rural areas with population growth equating to urban migration’. According to New World Encyclopedia (retrieve 19 October 2011), urbanization is the growing number of people in a society living in urban areas, or cities. Urbanization means increased spatial scale and density of settlement as well as business and other activities in the area. Urban areas tend to attract businesses because of their large and dense population. This in turn draws more people to the area, working in a kind of circular process. The classic and most applicable definition of urbanization has been advance by Hope Tisdale (1942), who argues that urbanization is the process by which a growing section of the country’s population comes to live in relatively densely populated, relatively large towns and urban-type communities. Since the appearance of the first major studies about urbanization in the second half of the nineteenth century, the most influential study is that of Adna F. Weber (1899) whom wrote that the term urbanization has primarily been associated with numbers of people which migrate from countryside to the towns, about the rise of metropolis, that is to say, towns with a large population, about the differences in the growth of population in the towns, and in the countryside, and so forth. As the result of above definition about the term urbanization, it can be conclude that urbanization is the migration of people from rural area to town area which increase the number of population. As a result of the migration, their behavior, social activities, cultures and relationships might changes. It is related to the surrounding of the town which offers people more working opportunities. 3. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 3. 1Definition Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action in interaction of natural and human factors (Council of Europe, 2000). Due to this interaction landscape change is an unavoidable fact. Usually habitats have the ability to adapt themselves to changes caused by natural forces, but with respect to man bring on changes such as urbanization, the transformation can be further than the limits of resiliency. Landscape, as defined by UNESCO (retrieve 19 October 2011) is the result of the interaction of the natural environment and human activities. Therefore it represents a holistic concept composed of ecological, social and economic components. Wikipedia (retrieve 19 October 2011) defined architecture as the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Landscape architecture as defined by Dan Sullivan (2010) is the comprehensive discipline of land analysis, planning, design, management, preservation, and rehabilitation. The profession of landscape architecture has been built on the principles of dedication to the public safety, health and welfare; and recognition and protection of the land and its resources. The term landscape architecture first appeared in print in 1828, in the title of a book by Gilbert Laing Meason in Scotland. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, in presenting their Greensward Plan for Central Park in New York City in 1858, were the first to use landscape architect as a professional title. The first in Canada to advertise themselves as landscape architects were Frederick Gage TODD of Montreal and Charles Ernest Woolverton of Grimsby, Ont, who established private practices in 1900 and 1901 respectively. Other practitioners called themselves landscape designers, landscape gardeners, or landscape engineers the choice often reflecting their previous training in such fields as agricultural science, architecture, civil engineering, gardening and horticulture. Today’s landscape architects are usually dealing with land that was changed by the previous human intervention. In rural areas and less wilderness and increasing development pressures, many projects that require unique design skills and expertise in restoring damaged forest, fields, wetlands and contaminated and neglected industrial land, and they redesign and revitalize underutilized urban areas. With more people living in or near urban areas, landscape architects are increasingly concerned about the quality of urban life and the way that council develop and manage their open spaces. 4. ROLE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN URBANIZATION In other develop country; landscape architect is a prime consultant in every single urban project and also the one who in charged putting the other consulting from different disciplines together, pointing everybody the direction to get the project done and put all the great minds together and come up with a great project with multi-disciplinary approaches. Landscape architects also design landscape environment which to be important and inner part of the planning of an urban area that will durable for decades. It is because landscape architect can handle and communicate with other different discipline and very sensitive with nature and surrounding environment. As stated before, urbanization is a population growth from rural area to urban area or town where the developments are also growth. Landscape architects play major role in urban development or urbanization. To this day landscape architecture and design are employed for both private and public pleasure, from the modest suburban home to a large estate, and from the town square to city parks and greenbelts. As it best, landscape architects join the natural environment with built environment, and create and define spaces which fulfill human and natural need. Dividing and defining the spaces of built and natural is an essential part in any development in order to stabilize the ecosystem and make it sustainable. Landscape architects frequently use concepts of spatial structures to express their ideas. When their spatial structure seldom refers to the real landscape pattern, the typical outcome is ill planned urban development resulting in loss of diversity, coherence and identity. Application of scientific knowledge from landscape ecology is crucial to overcome this problem. Because spatial pattern can influence a variety of ecological phenomena, our ability to quantify changes in landscape structure through time may be crucial to the understanding of the dynamic of the landscape. Some people may give their opinion that the urban areas are always filled with concrete elements and less green. This view did not actually accurate because to balance the ecological system of the city, landscape architects play a very important duty. Landscape architects are already involved in large-scale urban land restoration and rejuvenation, working with communities to convert â€Å"brown† and â€Å"grey† fields to â€Å"green† productive social and economic use. Such sites tend to be large, abandoned waterfronts, former, manufacturing sites, and primary industry locations. Here is a huge opportunity to provide necessary spaces for children to connect with the amazing, playful attributes of nature, to help them become the new front line of society who wills more expected to choose for the continuing health of our planet. In order to keep balancing the city with built and green environments, landscape architects take part in designing the city with the effective use of large trees and palms whose canopies and crowns, over time, join together to provide a physically powerful ‘green’ visual impact. Trees provide shade, color and fresh air and can provide a lasting visual impression in the memory of residents and visitors of the city. Therefore the visual benefits of a continuous green not only include calming, on both the eye and senses, but also a means of providing visual delight. In addition there are the microclimatic benefits of tree cover in the form of cooling the air by providing shade, reducing noise and improving air quality due to the effects of leaves. This concept was determined to be achievable for many disciplines such as planning, architecture and landscape with the creation of three-dimensional volumes, a viable active public realm and an extensive tree planting program. Some places are covered with natural forest and it is the true natural legacy of that place being the original home of its people. Looking to the future a young tree in the present sooner or later becomes the heritage for future generations. The forest can therefore be a metaphor for both past and future as well as providing a strong sense of identity. The application of the ‘Urban Forest’ draws on the variety and real meaning of the forest and weaves it into the fabric of the orderly and functional city. The role of the landscape architect when involved in designing both a new city or revitalizing an existing city, is very much in the realms of urban design. In fulfilling the objectives to provide a network of interlinked open spaces and to provide a large vegetative cover, the concept of the Urban Forest provides another layer in the design of the city. The concept of Urban Forest is expressed in an urban setting as an extensive tree cover utilizing mainly native trees. Public open spaces are the clear setting for large scale tree planting. However private grounds and gardens can also contribute. Also of primary importance are street trees which can be planned in advance to provide large quantities of trees. When talking about urbanization, there is such impact of the development to the natural environment, commonly urban heat island. Some points are relating towards the causes which change a high develop city to urban heat island; materials used have much different thermal volume properties, wind tunnel accessibility, geometric effects of tall building which multiple surfaces for the reflection and absorption of sunlight, and lack of evapotranspiration because of less vegetation planted. Yet this problem theorically can be solved by ecologists and environmentalists not the practical aspect. However, in term of designing the solution to find out the sustainable development that will last long for decades, landscape architect is the best consultant that any community should hire because of their sensitiveness towards surrounding environment. 5. CONCLUSIONS Urbanization is not simply a theory and not as simple planning and design. Many considerations should be taken while planning an urban area because it may give positive in fulfilling the human need but somehow it give more negative impact to the environment. Deeply understanding about urban ecology is the essential part in order to develop sustainable urban city. Furthermore, spatial organization also must be considerate for minimizing the environmental problems and issues caused by urbanization. Although there are many professional disciplinary in built environment such as architects, civil engineers, surveyor, ecologist and planner however the best consultant in planning and designing urbanization is landscape architect. Role of landscape architect is not focusing to planting and gardening but encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management, and stewardship of the natural and built environments. This profession is the one of the professional profession that really concerns about environmental effect. REFERENCES Bhatta, Basudeb. 2010. Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Esbah, H. , Maktav, D. , Atatanir, L. , Erbek, L. Atanir. 2005. Understanding Urban Growth Patterns: A Landscape Ecology Point of View. Adnan Menderes University. Jenkins, P. , Smith, H. and Wang, Y. P. 2007. Planning and Housing In The Rapidly Urbanizing World. Routledge. ) McHarg, Ian. 1991. Design with nature. John Wiley. Obara, Bryan. 2010. Design of Process: Leading Towards a Symbiosis of Landscape Urbanism Theory and Practice. Retrieve from http://umass. academia. edu/BryanObara/Papers/536401 Peters, Alison. and Scott, Ashley. The Role of Landscape Architects in Urban Design Projects. Retrieve from rudi. net/books/10556 Schmal, H. 1981. Patterns of European Urbanisation since 1500. Redwood Burn Limited. Other References Didona Associates: didonaassociates. com/why/la-overview. html Landscape Architecture Resource: http://landscapearchitectureresource. com/ Natural Learning Initiative: naturalearning. org/content/new-role-landscape-architecture New World Encyclopedia: newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Urbanization Whole Building Design Guide: http:// www. wbdg. org/design/dd landscapearch. php Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Architecture

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics - Assignment Example ple believe that market system can help in creating a positive investment climate because the society as a whole decides upon what they want to pay for a particular good and services. This decision cannot be influenced by any other force except buyers and sellers. The idea is that the buyers and sellers will work out the price and this price will be just. Because it is set by the people everyone will be happy. Also firms will try to avail the opportunity to earn profits and will come and invest. They will supply what they think people will demand and everyone in the society will benefit or in other words investment climate will improve. Market system is also supported by many due to the increased competition between firms. When many firms are operating and there are no major subsidies or restrictions laid down by the government then all firms have equal opportunity to excel. This brings all the firms on the same level and then innovation increases as the firms want to do better than the other firms. As a result consumers get a variety of products and monopoly of suppliers is hindered. This also improves the investment climate of a country. If a firm comes up with a great idea then it temporarily enjoys abnormal profits. But because there are no trade barriers other companies also try to replicate the same idea and the profits of the first firm come back to normal. This is how market system encourages a positive investment climate. The interests of the firms, the consumers and the society as a whole are preserved and this is why many people think market system as the best mechanism for allocating scarce resources. In a market system of economy people’s need are catered well. Firms supply product or services if the buyers demand a particular product or services. Also people spend money on things they think will improve their life style so they are more contended. People also believe that resources are distributed evenly in a market economy. This is because