Art Michelangelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Craftsmanship Michelangelo - Essay Example Model and painting are both wonderful types of articulation that have captivated the watchers for a considerable length of time. Anyway both are diverse in the manners they are made by the craftsmen and saw by the watchers. Actually I incline toward that both have equivalent benefits and one ought not be held over the other. Painting includes hues, light, conceals which gives all the more importance and life to the artist’s thought. Instead of painting, chiseling is done on something considerably more significant than a canvas and in this way it has a more noteworthy nearness and feels substantially more genuine to the watchers. Additionally the figures are three dimensional which give them force and cause them to show up progressively practical. Despite the fact that the absence of measurement is viewed as a bad mark in painting, the impact is effortlessly accomplished by ‘relievo’ which should be possible through satisfactory displaying and forming. Both are sim ilarly expressive and it just relies upon individual

Cell Phone and driving Free Essays

The reason for the customer card is for you to pick up data with regards to what the customer is utilizing on their ace just as any prescriptions they might be taking that can influence the administration. Try not to play out a wax administration if your customer is hypersensitive to wax, taking certain meds, or utilizing facial items that may make their face meager or consume while waxing. When the conference is finished you may now start your waxing administrations. We will compose a custom paper test on Mobile phone and driving or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now O us meeting. Get ready everything ahead of time before take customer back to the waxing region. Start by first spreading out the entirety of your materials required for waxing, for example, hand cleaned, tweezers, eye forehead brush, cotton, wax strips, scissors, and lush instrument sticks. Quickly examine with customer the shape they are craving. Have your customer to recline in the seat and unwind. Inspect the region and make your own appraisal with respect to what the customer needs. Convey your discoveries and once settled upon you may begin the administration. Start by sanitation your hands. Next apply pre cleaner answer for cotton balls to scrub the forehead territory. Permit 3 to 5 seconds to dry, presently brush foreheads Toward the path that they develop In utilizing the eyebrow brush/brush. Next dunk the wooden stick into wax and apply underneath the temple utilizing a flimsy layer of wax a similar way of forehead. Rapidly apply a piece of muslin to waxed territory. Rub the muslin strip with your two pointer fingers same way of eye temples. Hold external corner of eye insult and pull the strip the other way. Next recurrent the waxing advances recorded above for above forehead, and focal point of temples. At the point when completed apply wax remover to cotton balls to expel wax. Presently utilize the brush end of brush to smooth temples. Expel any undesirable hairs that may at present stay with tweezers and If required use scissors to trim eyebrow length. When you have accomplished wanted shape, apply cooling gel to eyebrows to help chill off zone. As of now you may hand the mirror to the customer, to let them see the completed consequences of their eyebrow wax administration. Instruct them on how frequently they should return to have them revamped. Say thanks to them for coming In and let them realize that you anticipate seeing them In 3 to about a month. All in all eyebrow waxing may not be the most agreeable help to have done, however when you are readied, experienced, and clients love your work, the consummation results makes everything beneficial. Wireless and driving By larboard cotton balls to purify the temple territory. Permit 3 to 5 seconds to dry, presently brush foreheads in he bearing that they develop in utilizing the eyebrow brush/brush. Next plunge the wooden stick into wax and apply underneath the temple utilizing a dainty layer of wax in the equivalent with your two pointer fingers same way of eye foreheads. Hold external corner of eye insult and pull the strip the other way. Next recurrent the waxing advances Remove any undesirable hairs that may at present stay with tweezers and if necessary use Educate them on how regularly they should return to have them revamped. Express gratitude toward them for coming in and let them realize that you anticipate seeing them in 3 the completion results makes everything advantageous. The most effective method to refer to Cell Phone and driving, Papers

Employee Outcomes - Employee Performance Evaluations & Evaluation Topic Options

Employee Outcomes - Employee Performance Evaluations & Evaluation Topic OptionsHow can an organization improve its management of the evaluation topic? One option is to use evaluation questions that are pre-determined. Using these prompts when managers provide their weekly performance evaluations can help ensure that employees are not left wondering what topic they should be addressing.The first thing to understand is that there are certain topics that will get a great deal of attention, and those topics are typically important to the organization. When an employee is eligible for a bonus for meeting or exceeding expectations, for example, he or she may be asked about this at the end of the process. It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that they do not leave this open-ended question open.In order to make sure that the questions are meaningful, a manager will want to make sure that the decision is important. This means that they will want to ask employees how important the question is to them. If an employee is unsure of how much importance they place on the question, they should simply avoid answering it. The manager should feel confident in making the decision.When a manager's questions are open ended, however, an employee may not be sure of how to answer. When this happens, they should remember that a manager has the ability to offer guidance or direction. Since a manager is the person who is actually presenting their results to their employees, it is very important to provide the manager with the feedback they need to meet their goals.A manager should also consider the management style they have with their employees. In addition to the control style, which involves monitoring a process, there is also the motivation style. Both styles may be useful, but one is often considered more effective than the other.This is because the motivation management style, in general, allows for a higher level of employees' involvement in the process. When employees are able to give input and become involved in the decision making process, they will more likely be more satisfied with the result. Management may prefer this style, however, as it provides more assurance that the goal of the process will be met.When all of these factors are considered, an employee will be better able to understand the process and have a better chance of meeting their goals. Employees will be more likely to stay in the position for which they were hired. This is why they should use this information and take advantage of it.If managers take the time to learn about all of the different management styles, they will be able to design their own processes so that it does not require the employees to figure out what topic to address. This is because employees will be better able to respond appropriately to a specific evaluation topic. This will help them to be more satisfied with their work and therefore more likely to stay with the company.

Obesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay - 1282 Words

INTRODUCTION I. Are you getting a bit tired of that three inch spare tire around your waist? Are you becoming fat, lazy? II. Let s take a look, work out , and improve your muscularity, or sit down on a comfortable sofa with a glass of carbonated drink and watch your most-liked evening television drama. What would you prefer? III. This kind of thought might be early sign that you are actually leading to an unhealthy lifestyle which is known as obesity. IV. Obesity is a condition of human body that is not as desirable Body Mass Index (BMI) due to accumulation of excess body fat in the blood vessels. A. According to Gary D. Foster, author of the article Primary Physicians’ Attitudes about Obesity and it’s Treatment ,this disease become epidemic in the society and not being solved as the patients’ fears to treat obesity is mainly due to their negative approaches towards this problem. V. As we all know , the main trigger for a person to be obesity is due to excessive intake of food. A. It is a persistent companion to human and cannot be separated. B. Examples of healthy foods that help in maintaining balance diet are fruits and carb-rich. C. Junk food include snacks, crackers and chocolates that give rise to unhealthy lifestyle. D. In an analysis written in the article of The Lancet , people reported that obese children devour more total drinks, such as sugar-sweetened drinks, milk, cordials, and fruit drinks in each day. VI. How bad it can actually effect our preciousShow MoreRelatedObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdestructive can effects of obesity be. First of all what is an obesity? Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual s ideal body weight. It is a very serious problem and is becoming very dangerous in today’s world. Obesity is now considered to be the second most preventable death in America, with tobacco being the first. As use of tobacco rates continues to decline, the obesity rates continue to rise. With that being said, death numbers of obesity are goingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity970 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is the buildup of excess body fat, caused by the ingestion of more food than the body can use in which the extra calories are stored as fat. Obesity is measured by taking BMI, or body mass index of the person which is their height and weight and putting it into a formula. As stated by The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, â€Å"A BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 equates with overweight and 30.0 and above with obesity. Morbid obesity (also known as extreme, or severe, obesity) is defined as a BMI ofRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1692 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Obesity in America is a health issue which needs to be addressed, but many do not realize that obesity is an issue that needs to be addressed in more ways than one.   Because Americans are not knowledgeable in the issue of obesity, many in society view obese people as unhealthy and irresponsible and treat them with disrespect.   How to overcome and prevent obesity, its causes, and different treatments are all ways that obesity needs to be addressed; however, the disrespect towards those who are obeseRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1068 Words   |  5 PagesObesity has been around for several thousands of years but hasn’t always been a serious epidemic. A higher amount o f fat or stored energy used to mean a greater chance at surviving a famine, but those times are long gone in the industrialized world. As time has progressed, we’ve see an exponential growth in obesity rates despite our best efforts to slow it down. In order to contain and eventually decrease obesity rates, we would first need to know what fuels this powerful monster of the westernRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1554 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity is a condition that is characterized by excess body weight due to the overconsumption of calories in relation to the calorie loss. There are however other associated causes of obesity that have been identified by the scholars and the variables involved in the trend of this condition have a significant correlation. Different tools have been implemented overtime in the management of obesity to mitigate the short term and the long-term effects that result from this conditionRead MoreObesity And Its E ffects On Obesity Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRecent years health experts have been warning people to control their weight and adopt a healthier lifestyle.Over time obesity is a still problem with our society today also, its rates have tripled especially in America.It is obvious we are losing the battle against obesity. Combating obesity and its numerous illnesses will not require more drugs to lower cholesterol, diet books. It will require rethinking our environment.Other measures need to be taken to tackle this international epidemic. AddressingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1612 Words   |  7 PagesApproximately 17% of children in the United States have been diagnosed as obese (Prevention, 2011). Although the prevalence of obesity has plateaued in the most recent years, the amount of children who are obese is still higher than what is desired. These obesity rates are alarming due to the effect it will have on them and their healthcare. As more children are diag nosed with obesity, the more children increase their risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and insulin resistance later as adults (NewbyRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe famous actor and comedian, Will Ferrell, quoted on twitter, â€Å"Obesity doesn’t run in your family, no one runs in your family†. The joke was intended to be funny, but I’m sure it hit closer to home for a lot of people more than anything else. Many problems in America consist of low employment rates, global warming and, not to forget, obesity. What other country has issues that include the overweight factor? Exactly, none. While mostly adolescent teens to adults are struggling to turn their livesRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity895 Words   |  4 PagesRecent years health experts have been warning people to control their weight and adopt a healthier lifestyle.Over time obesity is a still problem with our society today also, its rates have tripled especially in America.It is obvious we are losing the battle against obesity. Combating obesity and its numerous illnesses will not require more drugs to lower cholesterol, diet books. It will require rethinking our environment.Other measures need to be taken to tackle this international epidemic. AddressingRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1092 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is rising with an alarming, and disturbing rate: more than one-third of adults (78.6 millions) are obese according to Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. In addition, no states in America have prevalence of obesity less than 20 percent; while the states having leading percent of obesity are Arkansas, Mississippi, and West Virginia. Obesity’s common effects on health are low life expectancy, high blood pressure, stroke, migraine, low back pain, etc. Furthermore, a recent

The Color Blue By Kieslowski s Masterpiece - 1151 Words

Kieslowski’s masterpiece is a trilogy known as Three Colors, named after the stripes of the French flag. According to Kieslowski himself all of the films center on individuals who sense something that is not articulated in dialogue. This is telling of a director who is constantly trying to reconcile a new Pan-European identity in a world that had yet to develop a language to articulate it. The color Blue (1993) is about a woman who secretly writes the music that made her husband a famous composer. Her husband and daughter die in a car crash at the beginning of the film. Julie, the main character, is thrown into depression, and spends the rest of the film trying to rebuild what it means to be here in this new world of chaos. Spanish cinema has an irregular timeline when compared to other European nations due to the way the Franco regime existed. Franco was in power in Spain from 1939 to 1975, and deployed heavy censorship policies while attempting to restrict the artistic freedom of Spanish directors. Despite this fact, the death of Franco along with the democratic regime transition in Spain had â€Å"no radical break with the [cinematic] past, since over the last twenty-five years or so many of the key figures who worked during the Franco period survived the transition to democracy and continue even now to make significant films† (251). Luis Bunuel had achieved international fame with his work with Dali on Un Chien Andalou. During the Franco Regime, he had moved to the United

Suicide Among Female College Students Essay - 2200 Words

Hieu Tran HESC 410 Professor Rehanna Mohammad Project 1 Outline 10/19/2016 Suicide among female college students College campuses across the United States are fighting a silent killer that is the second leading cause of death among college students especially among women; suicide. It is shocking to see that college students are more likely to die from suicide than death caused by a combination of all other forms of medical illnesses. Despite the findings, it is possible to prevent suicide. The students that engage in the act are often desperate to live. The only challenge is that they seem to see no alternative to their problems. The rate of college student suicide has also tripled since the 1950s (College Degree Search). Even though suicidal individuals are likely to be noticed regarding their intention, most people do not take seriously the warnings, or are unaware on what to do in order to assist such persons. It is also possible to confuse a genuine discussion on suicide to imply that someone is suicidal. For this reason, understanding suicidal tendencies remains complex even though it affe cts college students across all age, race, ethnicity, and socio-economic boundaries. As illustrated by Western Michigan University Suicide Prevention Program, women are more likely to develop suicidal thoughts compared to their male counterparts. There are several causes of suicide among college women. One of them is depression that is largely caused by inadequate sleep, having not orShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Depression On College Students1335 Words   |  6 Pagesis founded more in College students. The 2012 from the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors indicated that 95% of counseling center directors believe that psychological problems are a growing concern and that depression is one of the most prevalent concerns with 36% of college students affected (Jennifer E. Merrill, 2014). Depression in college tends to lead to alcohol abuse because they are experiencing extreme depression. When college students have depression it affectsRead More Teenage Suicide Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are atRead MoreTerm Paper : Depression Among College Students Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesdepression among college students (ages 18-25) . In the physical approach depression can lead to problems sleeping, concentrating, body aches and much more. In the cognitive approach college students who experience depression have thought of or committed suicide. In the emotional approach, depression leads to depressed moods like sadness and frustration and in social approach those who around you can affect your depression negatively or positively. Depression is strongly related to college students (youngRead MoreWith Mental Health Issues On The Rise, It’S No Surprise1519 Words   |  7 Pageshealth issues on the rise, it’s no surprise that college students would seek help that is free and readily available on campuses. Yet, despite the 9.5% increase of college students, especially in freshmen, not all college campuses make it known that students can seek help for free in the way of support groups or campus counselors (Aikins). Issues such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are going untreated in students, leading to students dropping out or turning to self-harm to cope withRead MoreEffects Of Depression Among College Campuses Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesDrug use among adolescents has been a problem in the United States for numerous years. The age frame of adolescents can bring many changes in a teenager’s life. Many life-altering events can take place during this t ime of one’s life and affect the person either positively or negatively. Depression can occur when adolescents are transitioning into young adult years. Moving away to college, schoolwork load, and maintaining a social life are all big parts of this time frame in life. Many cognitive problemsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Rape1456 Words   |  6 PagesCollege students around the United States are being violated, abused, and ridiculed at an alarming rate. Many students have become increasingly fearful when attending their daily classes. Rape and date rape are serious problems that can lead to possible traumatization, depression, and suicide. Women are the main target of this kind of abuse, but men have also been known to suffer. Colleges have implemented new programs to help educate students about the risks of date rape, but they lack in theirRead MoreCollege Students Exposure to Mental Illness743 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Many American students who graduate school seeking a higher education through college and or technical school is typically idolized amongst families and peers. Unfortunately, college has become extremely expensive for those living in the middle and lower class households. Many students often apply for student loans to compensate for what scholarships and federal financial aid to do not cover, such as the expenses of tuition, books, room and boarding fee. The stress of financial aid aloneRead MoreHypothesis Teen Suicide875 Words   |  4 PagesOver a time span of one year, 2003 to 2004, suicide amongst children, especially teens has risen drastically. Contemplating suicide at any age is horrible. When a teenage, who has the ability to make informed decisions and has all the potential in the world, considers committing suicide, this is a tragedy. The tragedy suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15-24. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among co llege students. This paper attempts to list theories andRead MoreThe Death Rate Of Suicide1586 Words   |  7 Pagessuicidal. Many factors contribute to suicide that may have lead to the increase death rate. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in people aged 15-24, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Americans live a busy life that we could be responsible for not scoping the signs of those who are suicidal. With this fast paced life we find ourselves missing the most obvious signs of suicide. We often don’t like to think or talk about suicide since it is such a harsh topic. MostRead MoreStudent Veterans Emotional Adjustment, Psychological Symptoms, And Suicide Risk On Both College And University Campuses1196 Words   |  5 Pagessituation of student veterans’ emotional adjustment, psychological symptoms, and suicide risk on both college and university campuses. Within the survey, a variety of domains are targeted in which information is sought; Demographic information, college experience, military service history, and psychological problems. These four domains will be discussed further below. Among the various questions that are posed, the main intent of this study is to analyze the rates and prevalence of problems among the student

Research in Business Online Marketing Activities

Question: Describe about the Research in Business for Online Marketing Activities. Answer: Introduction Online marketing activities and practices helps in enhancing the visibility of the brand and assists in achieving greater brand awareness about the brand for which such activities are carried out. In this context, it can be said that by expanding the marketing functions in online space assists the brand to achieve wider reach and helps the brand to connect every segment of the society. Therefore, online marketing portals effectively address the issue of accessibility of the brand. In addition, it also helps the organization to increase profit margins and hence, greater inflow of sales revenue to the organization. However, ineffective and inefficient online marketing strategies can significantly damage the reputation of the brand in the market as well as adversely affects the financial situation of the brand (Bargiela et al., 2013). The sportswear industry is one of the fast growing industries that targets young customer segments. In this regard, the success of such industry is heavil y dependent on the online marketing activities as their target customers are mostly young people that are tech savvy and spends their leisure time on online platforms. Sportswear companies frequently employ online advertising and promotional campaigns as a means to create awareness about the brand and to attract customers. Moreover, the business models of sportswear companies are closely knit around the concepts of online business models. For instance, the sportswear companies such as Nike and Adidas display their products through customized online portals and allow the customers to order and make payment as per their convenience; thereby enhancing the accessibility of the brand. This strategy also assists the company o reduce their operational costs and strengthens their financial position (Boons Ldeke, 2013). Moreover, high online traffic is key indicator of customer awareness and sustainability of a sportswear brand. Problem statement Online traffic is one of the essential marketing tools that help the business to achieve sustainability and success in a highly dynamic and competitive business environment. With the impressive advancement in the technology, the traditional way of shopping that requires customers to be physically present in a retail store to make purchase decision is gradually becoming obsolete or less preferable among the customers. Therefore, to enhance customers convenience and their overall experience with the brand, companies are exploring and developing online tools and techniques such as social media amazement to attract customers towards the brand (Elzinga et al., 2012). Apart from being a more effective means of engaging customers, it is also less expensive that the traditional advertising and promotional methods and tools and provider greater brand visibility and awareness among the customers. However, when compared to the traditional modes of promotion techniques, online marketing help to achieve greater sales revenue and market share for the brand in consideration. Therefore, it is important to analyze the online shopping in context of the existing market situation. Moreover, online shopping has its own problems for the business; for instance, the issue of negative reviews from customers that negatively affects the brand and dilutes its brand equity (Elzinga et al., 2012). Research objectives/questions The objective of research is to evaluate the impact of online portals on the sales of sportswear products. In addition, the study also seeks to access the current trends in the online promotion of sportswear products. Therefore, in accordance with the research objectives, the research questions for the study has been presented as What are the major factors that affect customer behaviour in online shopping? How effective the existing online shopping portals are to achieve greater sales revenue? What measures (if any) are to be taken to address the issues pertaining online shopping of sportswear products? Research justifications The research aims to compare the virtues of online shopping against the traditional way of shopping. In the recent years, online shopping has gained more popularity, particularly among the young customers. The study also aims to evaluate the benefits as well as issues of online sales on the financial position of the company. In addition, the study also assesses consumer behaviour and perceptions towards online selling platforms in context of a sportswear business entity. Hence, it can be said that the amount of traffic generated by a business portal indicates consumers interest and loyalty towards the brand (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). Expected research outcomes The expected research outcomes lies in meeting the objectives of the research study; therefore, the expected research outcomes pertains to the effectiveness of online shopping as compared to the traditional methods of shopping that correlates to shopping by being physically present at the point of sales (e.g. a retail store). In addition, the study would also evaluate the some of the issues in the online shopping such as privacy and security of the customers in online platforms, and the presence of malicious software and programs that can significantly influences the online shopping behaviour of the customers. These issues have been adequately addressed in the research study and in the research process apart from the bundle of merits that are offered in the online shopping platforms (Farahbod et al., 2012). The research study would also provide considerable insight to the advantages of online shopping of goods for the customers and business organizations. Thus, the research study wou ld help to understand the advantages of online shopping in context of sportswear companies and its impact on achieving greater growth. In addition, the study also aims to ascertain current trends in the sportswear segment being in practice in major sportswear companies like Nike and Adidas to enhance its sales revenue, have greater market share and brand reach (Foss Knudsen, 2013). Section 2 Conceptual framework (Source: As created by author) With the help of online web portals, business enterprises have been able to gather more holistic and exclusive information regarding the customer preference and buying decisions. Thus, online portals have assisted the business entities to gather relevant data about the market and disseminate the data thus collected to the concerned departments or authority. Moreover, with the effective use of online portals, sportswear businesses have been able to develop interpersonal relationships with the customers, thereby developing greater brand loyalty. This has also helped the sportswear enterprises to address the issues of brand accessibility that hampers the long term sustainability of the business (Hair et al., 2015). The customers have also positively benefitted by the online business portals, as they are now able to buy their choice of sportswear products from any part of the world without being physically present in the retail store. Thus, it can be said that online platforms have helped in eliminating the geographic boundaries that has affected the sales revenue prospect of the sportswear companies and also the helped the customers by enhancing the reach of a particular brand. In this regard, it can be inferred that online shopping platforms have helped in developing positive perception of the brand in the mind of the customers and enhanced brand loyalty; thereby leading to increased sales volume for the business organization (Khan et al., 2012). Research hypothesis In order to satisfactorily complete the research study by meeting research objectives and the problem statement developed, following research hypothesis have been developed Ho: Online selling platforms provide distinct advantage to both the buyers and sellers as compared to conventional method of shopping; thereby, ensuring greater customer satisfaction and grater sales revenue for the business organization. H1: Online shopping portals have no considerable impact on the sales revenue of the business organization. Research methodology Research methodology provides a blueprint of the research process and provides direction to the research study. This chapter provides details regarding the research paradigms applied for this research study. The choice of research paradigm has been developed in accordance with the objectives of the research study. Moreover, in selection of research methodology is made by considering the data collection method used for the study. Therefore, this chapter discusses research design, research philosophy, and the research approach. In addition, the chapter also discuses data collection methodology adopted for the study as well as the selection of sample size (Rafols et al., 2012). Research philosophy In accordance with the goals and objectives of the study, positivism theory of research philosophy has been selected. The purpose of adopting positivism research philosophy is that it helps to gather detailed information about the influence of online selling platform on the financial prowess of the business enterprise. In addition, positivism approach would also help to better understand various concepts pertaining to the research study and would enable the business entities to make relevant conclusions regarding the research procedures (Robson McCartan 2016). Research design Research design helps to integrate various components of the research study and helps them to present in a coherent and logical manner, thereby enabling the researcher to effectively address the research issues and develop relevant research findings to meet the research objectives. For various research study, there are three different types of research designs are employed depending on the nature and requirement of the research study, that includes descriptive, explanatory and explorative. For this research study, descriptive research design has been selected (Bryman. Bell, 2015). For the successful completion of the business, it is important to gather detailed information regarding the research problem in order to analyze the influence of online sales portals on the business sustainability of sportswear business entities. The descriptive research design would help to better understand the issues related to the online selling portals. Apart, from it would also help the have clear understanding of the customers perception regarding the sale of sportswear products through online platforms. Thus, a descriptive design helps to collect the data in a detail led fashion, thereby enabling the researcher to successfully undertake the research study and make firm conclusions to meet the research objective (Bukhari, Qudous, 2012). Research approach A research approach can be categorized in two types inductive and deductive. For the purpose of this research study, deductive research approach has been selected to assist that helps to undertake the study in detailed manner. Deductive research deals with developing some relevant theories or hypothesis (used for the study), after the study has been developed, the next step is collect relevant data and its analysis. Lastly, the hypothesis so developed is accessed in the light of findings of the data analysis to determine whether hypothesis holds true or not (Collis Hussey 2013). For this study, deductive research approach would help to evaluate both primary and secondary data to draw relevant conclusions. The customers reviews or feedbacks and secondary data collected for the research study would be utilized to make firm conclusions pertaining to the research objectives (Saunders et al., 2012). Data type For the research study both primary and secondary data has been collected. The primary data has been collected through interviewing various marketing practitioners in the sportswear companies and the customers of different sportswear products and brands. Moreover, for the collection of secondary data relevant materials have been sourced from the works of prominent authors in the field of marketing. This would enable the develop better understanding regarding the consensus of the online shopping and its merit for the customers as well for the organization. The secondary data has been gathered from the past works by researchers and academic scholars. This would help to understand current trends in area of study and the relevant theories and concepts developed by the past scholars. For this purpose, previous research papers and journal articles have been collected and analyzed (Spieth et al., 2013). Sample size For the study, a total of 50 customers and 6 managers employed well-known sportswear organizations have been selected for the interview to gain insight of the research problem and make conclusions based on the responses gathered. The authentic responses provided by the customers are a valuable source of information that would greatly benefit the research study (Zarif, 2012). Sample choice To meet the objectives of the study, simple random sampling would be more appropriate. Selecting the respondents randomly would eliminate the possible biases in the data collection method and would provide more credibility to the research study (Zikmund et al., 2012). Process of Data Collection: Both of the primary as well as secondary sources have been used for the collection of the data. In this context, it is often observed that the data collection procedure can consume a great deal of time, which can be highly critical for the research project (Zott Amit, 2013). The primary data would be collected through a set of questionnaire. It would be sent to the client in order to attain their feedback. The research study will use excel charts for evaluating the data I an efficient fashion. According to Aral et al. (2013), the use of excel sheet would effectively enable the organization in terms of collecting data related to the impact of online sales on the sportswear business performance. The consumers as well as the employees would be involved in the data collection process. Therefore, it would eventually produce a different set of opinion from the different societal fractions. As stated by Wilson (2014), relevant websites, magazines as well as journals would be used for the collection of secondary data. The data collection procedure would be also assisted in terms of acquiring accurate data from the marketing books of alleged authors. Therefore, it can be easily assumed that the research procedure would be highly enriched by this kind of valuable data range. Ethical Consideration: The researcher is highly responsible to conduct the research with adequate transparency as well as honesty throughout the research project Boons and Ludeke-Freund (2013). Therefore, it is necessary for the researcher to develop an environment where the participants would be encouraged and allowed to act with their own consent. The research procedure must not use any kind of undue pressure as well as coercion to the participants for their desired contribution. Moreover, the research work must maintain the privacy of the company information so that any kind of sensitive data cannot be breached. The research project need to solely focus on unbiased opinions of the participants regarding the sportswear industrys online sales activities. Section 3 Organization Study The study would be organized in the following structure Chapter 1: It would contain the prepared assignment regarding the research proposal Chapter 2: It would contain the case study regarding the impact of online sales of sportswear business organization on the business performance Chapter 3: It would contain the discussion of necessary methods for conducting the research project. These methods mostly include data collection process, data interpretation techniques as well as sample size analysis that would support the research projects. Chapter 4: It will include an appropriate analysis as well as the findings of research procedure. The research will use primary and secondary data for pertaining the analysis and research findings. Chapter 5: It would include most appropriate conclusion as well as effective recommendation. This chapter is highly significant for the research study. Gantt chart Activities of Research Week No 1. Week No 2. Week No 3. Week No 4. Week No 5. Week No 6. Week No 7. Topic selection Data collection based on secondary data Layout development Review of the literature Research plan establishment Adequate research method selection Primary data collection Interpreting and analysing collected data Accurate findings Conclusion Draft establishment Final work Submission (Source: As created by author) Justification of the project budget: In order to conduct the research procedure within given time period $880 would be used for project budget establishment. The major reasons are highly critical for framing the operational policies of business enterprise through a budget. a) In order to prepare the literature review the research project would need a considerable amount of fund, as it will entail with attaining quality journal articles, online sources as well as textbooks. Therefore, the background of the study will require a highly significant amount of finding. b) The research project is using survey for data collection. Therefore, the questionnaire need to be printed and the surveyor must travel in different locations. In addition to that, the interview cost and mailing would also cost in a significant fashion. Moreover, the researcher will be required to allocate certain amount of budget for developing tables and charts. The summary of the total cost has been given below Assumed total cost Review of literature $250 Collection of Data $100 Analysis of Data $300 Total expenses $650 (Source: As created by author) References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. Godes, D., (2013). Introduction to the special issue-social media and business transformation: A framework for research.Information Systems Research, 24(1), pp.3-13.CH IN BUSINESS. Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C. Planken, B., (2013). What is Business Discourse? (pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Boons, F. Ldeke-Freund, F., (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, pp.9-19. Bryman, A. Bell, E., (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Bukhari, S.A.J. Qudous, R.A., (2012). INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS. Collis, J. Hussey, R., (2013). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. Elzinga, D.J., Gulledge, T.R. Lee, C.Y. eds., (2012). Business process engineering: Advancing the state of the art. Springer Science Business Media. Elzinga, D.J., Gulledge, T.R. Lee, C.Y. eds., (2012). Business process engineering: Advancing the state of the art. Springer Science Business Media. Eriksson, P. Kovalainen, A., (2015). Qualitative methods in business research. Sage. Farahbod, F., Azadehdel, M., Rezaei-Dizgah, M. Nezhadi-Jirdehi, M., (2012). INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEAR Foss, N.J. Knudsen, C., (2013). Towards a competence theory of the firm. Routledge. Hair Jr, J.F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A.H., Samouel, P. Page, M.J., (2015). Essentials of business research methods. Routledge. Khan, I., Ghauri, T.A., Majeed, S. Campus, B., (2012). INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS. future, 4(3). Osterwalder, A. Pigneur, Y., (2013). Designing business models and similar strategic objects: the contribution of IS. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(5), p.237. Rafols, I., Leydesdorff, L., OHare, A., Nightingale, P. Stirling, A., (2012). How journal rankings can suppress interdisciplinary research: A comparison between innovation studies and business management. Research Policy,41(7), pp.1262-1282. Rafols, I., Leydesdorff, L., OHare, A., Nightingale, P. Stirling, A., (2012). How journal rankings can suppress interdisciplinary research: A comparison between innovation studies and business management. Research Policy, 41(7), pp.1262-1282. Robson, C. McCartan, K., (2016). Real world research. Wiley. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Lewis, P., (2012). Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Harlow, UK: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Spieth, P., Tidd, J., Matzler, K., Schneckenberg, D. Vanhaverbeke, W., (2013). Special issue on business model innovationeditorial note. International Journal of Innovation Management, 17(01), p.1302001. Wilson, J., (2014). Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Zarif, T., (2012). Grounded theory method: An overview. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(5), p.969. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J. Griffin, M., (2012). Business research methods. Cengage Learning. Zott, C. Amit, R., (2013). The business model: A theoretically anchored robust construct for strategic analysis. Strategic Organization, 11(4), pp.403-411.

Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel

Insured protection during air travel is essential as it protects passengers from acts of terrorism or kidnapping. Prior to the 9/11 bombing attacks of the Twin Towers in New York, security measures were not considered as a grave matter as is the case today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, following this heinous attack, airlines and security agencies have been very keen in examining passengers’ information and devising possible methods of preventing any further attacks (Taipale 2004). On the basis of the foregoing argument, personal information is required to ensure the safety of the people. Other than conducting the usual physical searches before boarding a plane, most of the airports and airlines have intensified their security measures to great lengths. For example, air travelers are now being exposed to thorough int rusive and extensive searches (Ghobrial and Irvin 76). The new security procedures have been labeled as a form of personal privacy invasion in the name of ensuring security. However, supporters of the move see it as a necessary precaution that ensures the restoration of passengers’ security. Financial data and transactions updates are some of the private data that is being accessed at the individual level. Exposure of the information to the airline databases is prone to security breaches as many public and private entities can get hold of the information and use it for their own personal and selfish interests. Other information accessed includes home addresses, full names, home phone numbers, and credit cards, among other documents containing personal information. To some extent, this represents invasion of personal privacy but on the positive side, it ensures security of the passengers, the airliner, and all other involved stakeholders. The essay paper explores the possibili ty of justifying whether invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. The preposition of the essay is that Invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. After the attempted ‘Christmas Bomber’ in 2009 when a Nigerian national (Fiske 174) passed all the security checks and tried detonating a bomb that was concealed in his underwear, the issue of body full scan has brought a lot of controversy (Engle 2010). Opponents of the proposed scanning argue that it is invasion of security as the scanners will be able to view body contours and private parts (Engle 2010). This has been opposed by people of diverse moral and religious views who see it a as a form of violating personal privacy. However, taking into account the potential damage to the passengers and the airline following such an explosion, then the intrusion of the privacy is worth the risk.Adver tising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, killing passengers through an explosion is invasion of privacy on its own since the lives of people are at stake and an individual’s privacy is not much important compared to the risk involved. Using this kind of technology which invades personal privacy is only meant to prevent acts of terrorism, thus ensuring security (Taipale 2004). The belief that the scanning will break the child pornographic laws and privacy cannot be compared with the danger posed to the lives of people. Although there has been no incidence in which a child has been seen to have committed a security breach, nonetheless, there is no age discrimination when terrorism acts are concerned. Therefore, scanning minors should be viewed as a way of protecting the people since chances of security agents using the scanned images or positing them to the internet are very lo w. Those opposed to scanning on grounds that it invades personal privacy are justified to hold such a view but at the same time, we need to strike a balance between on the one hand, privacy and on the other hand, security. In the event that minors are not scanned and are used to transport explosive devices unknowingly, resulting in the explosion of airplanes, the blame shall be on the security agencies for their reluctance to protect the lives of innocent citizens. Scanning of minors breaks the child porn law but since the same child is also receiving vital protection, on such grounds, there is a justification in implementing such rules. Privacy has been seen as the â€Å"flashpoint for many security issues, a legal analysis begins with the fact that there is no unfettered constitutional right to anonymity† (Nicholson 241). Although the First Amendment allows the freedom of association and speech, the moment a person enters the public domain, some part of their privacy is inv aded. Nobody likes his/her privacy being invaded, but with the increased incidents of airplane attacks by terrorists, it is reasonable to sacrifice a bit of personal privacy for security procedures. The right to anonymity has been rendered weak by a five judge committee in the Hiibel v. Nevada case of June 2004 (Nicholson 241). Although the case was basically not about airplane security, it emerged that the police did not break the Fifth Amendment by stopping Hibbel for search based on reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause. The court verdict was that no incidents of self incrimination by a police asking for identification were witnessed. It concluded that because of security reasons and procedures asking for a name is non testimonial and it does not invoke the Fifth Amendment (Nicholson 241).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on this, it can be argued that seeking personal information does not invoke the fifth amendment of the American constitution. This is because â€Å"security is a national defense issue† (OECD 95) and the government has all the reasons to defend its people from any acts that may jeopardize their security. It is the obligation of the government to protect its people from any insecurity issues. The usual method of searching people and their luggage infiltrates the privacy of the passengers. However, from a logical point of view, going through the clothes of an individual as part of security procedures is reasonable even if it with be carried on basis of reasonable suspicion. According to the TSA which is responsible for security measures at airports, the security measures need to be carried to ensure that no inconveniences are heightened to passengers as well as identifying high risk travelers and suspicious ones (Ghobrial and Irvin 77). For the positive side, the searche s are made to protect and enhance security. Personal information like credit cards, emails, bank accounts, and insurance (Fiske 181) can be used to by other parties to satisfy their needs if it falls in the wrong hands. This invades security of the people. However, this information and data from the FBI and other security agencies can be used for tracking and investigating any person with history of terrorism. The intention of the government is to keep the terrorists away from airlines and increase security (Ghobrial and Irvin 78). The Privacy Act of 1974 is a major statute that governs the federal government in acquiring and using the records that contain personal information (Gindin 1997). However, the act has prohibited on the intrusion and the use of personal information without consent. It is also under the same act that allows the use of the information in some given circumstances. Some of the circumstances include disclosure for routine checkups or use â€Å"for law enforcem ent purposes, and for protecting the health or safety of an individual† (Gindin 1997). Therefore, the law allows the use of personal information for enforcement and safety of the person. By information record, it implies any item or information of a particular person that may include financial transactions, identity number, criminal records, name, symbol, and any other identification assigned to an individual (Gindin 1997). Based on the privacy law, a government agency that is concerned on security of an individual has the right to use private information for the protection of that individual as well as others. The act further points out that the information cannot be used for computer matching for foreign counter intelligence purpose as d in the Computer Matching and Privacy Act of 1988 (Gindin 1997).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is seen as invasion of privacy which is against the human rights provisions. Nonetheless, some agreements have been reached between the EU and the US to share information of its passengers before they board planes for security reasons (Nicholson 244). The sharing of private information for security reasons is a measure to ensure that all people are safeguarded from any incidents of terror. In the case of Kent v. Dulles (1958), Justice William O. Douglas said that â€Å"The right to travel is a part of the â€Å"liberty† of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment† (Electronic Privacy Information Center). He also added that movement in either US or outside was part of the US national heritage. This means that people can move from one destination to another without any restrictions. However, it points out that the liberty of travel can be deprived under due process as required by the law in the Fifth Amendment. When p ersonal checkups are carried the liberty of the people is not deprived but restored. After the 9/11 incident and the Christmas Bomber aviation security has been beefed up as part of security procedures. Several proposals like screeners, bag searching for bombs from innocent people, air marshals in flights do not implicate personal privacy interest (Electronic Privacy Information Center). The essence of all these measures is to differentiate a genuine air traveler and imposters who have hidden agenda. This precautionary measure should not be seen as part of malicious invasion of personal privacy. It should be seen as a security procedure of ensuring the safety of the passengers in air travel as well as that of other stakeholders. The profiling through modern technology is not an incriminating act; it is an act that ensures the welfare of the people in whole is protected. Although personal invasion of privacy is incriminating, it is part of security procedure. In my opinion, invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. Based on the increased insecurity in the air travel, it is reasonable to sacrifice some privacy for the purpose of security measures. It is also logical that a balance between law and privacy is reached to satisfy both sides. Security of the people is fundamental and so is the safeguarding of the lives of people. Invading privacy for the reasons of the later is a necessary precaution that is usually undertaken to prevent any acts of terrorism or any threats to the people boarding an airline. Opponents’ arguments are that security checks invades the privacy of the people which is true. However, they don’t assess the other side of privacy invasion as part of security procedure and the benefits it has on the people. Therefore, it can be concluded that Invasion of personal privacy is a necessary security procedure for the insured protection during air travel. It is a precaut ionary procedure that ensures the safety of people by eliminating any suspicious travelers who pose security threats to airlines. It also ensures that terrorists are kept away from the airports since they cannot dare board airplanes knowing well they will undergo scrutiny. The security measures benefit the passengers from insecurity incidents that may put their lives in danger. The use of scanners which have been received with much opposition for they invade privacy would ensure the incidents like that of the Christmas Bomber do not occur again. The measures have been put into place after it was discovered that the current mechanisms have no technological capacity of detecting non metallic bombs. The act of terrorism has been advanced technologically and this leaves no room for taking any chances. A balance between security and privacy is needed to stop the much ongoing debate from both sides. Works Cited Electronic Privacy Information Center. Air Travel Privacy. n.d. Web. https://e pic.org/privacy/airtravel/. Engle, Thomas. â€Å"New airport security measures violate passengers’ privacy, dignity.† The Daily Athenaeum,   15 Nov. 2010. Web. Fiske, Ian. â€Å"Failing to Secure the Skies: Why America has struggled to Protect Itself and how it can Change†. Virginia Journal of Law Technology 15. 173 (2010): 174-195. Ghobrial, Atef and Wes, A. Irvin. â€Å"Combating Air Terrorism: Some Implications to the Aviation Industry†. Journal of Air Transportation 9. 3 (2004):67-86. Gindin, Susan E. â€Å"Lost and Found In Cyberspace: Informational Privacy in the Age of the Internet†. San Diego Law Review,  1153(2010): n. pag. Web. Nicholson, William C.  Homeland Security Law and Policy. Springfield, Ill: C.C Thomas, 2005. Print. OECD. Terrorism and International Transport: Towards Risk-Based Security Policy. Paris: OECD/ITF, 2009. Print. Taipale, K. A. Data Mining and Domestic Security: Connecting the Dots to Make Sense of Data. The C olumbia Science and Technology Law Review. 2004: n. pag. Web. This essay on Invasion of Personal Privacy During Air Travel was written and submitted by user Lacey Willis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ferdinand Magellan and Leonardo De Vinci.

Ferdinand Magellan and Leonardo De Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci and Ferdinand MagellanLeonardo Da Vinci and Ferdinand Magellan lived in lives that were both very similar and different to each other. First off, Da Vinci was a famous scientist, inventor, and artist while Magellan was known as a famous explorer who wanted to sail around the world. Da Vinci was born into an average family, while Magellan was born into a noble one. Both of these men helped the world in their different ways. One sailed the earth while the other made new things. Although their differences have both helped in different ways, they are both inventors of doing new things and making new things in order to provide this world with many more ideas. There is very little known of the education that Magellan received during his childhood. We do know that he participated in the Portuguese court. Da Vinci however got a filled education for a young child.Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci, Galleria dell'...He was exposed to books, painting, and his fathers workshop. He was educated at home by his father who taught he what he needed to know to be an artist ad inventor. In addition, the Duke of Milan kept him busy by reaching new achievements scientifically and artistically. He painted and sculpted to ensure his job.Ferdinand Magellan accomplished his first significant feat at age 12 when he was 12 years old and participated in the Portuguese court. At age 26, he traveled on his first expedition to the East Indies. Leonardo Da Vinci accomplished his first feat at age 30. This is when he provided a service for the Duke of Milan, painting, sculpting, and designing within the Dukes court. He studied flying objects, nature, geometry, and mechanics. Discovery and new ideasIt seemed like every few years both Magellan and Da Vinci would come...

Advantages and disadvantages of the commercial use of strong Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of the commercial use of strong cryptographic products - Essay Example Private keys are not supposed to be revealed or transmitted to any other individual. On the other hand, secret-key systems have to be transmitted through a communication channel or manually since the same key used for decryption is also used for encryption. In this case, the might be serious threat of an enemy discovering the secret key when it is being transmitted (Guo and Jin 2011). In addition public-key systems can provide signatures digitally thus preventing repudiation. During authentication through secret-key systems, there is the need of sharing secrets and in other cases it requires the involvement of a third party. This third party can go against the other members and repudiate a message that was previously authenticated and claim the shared secret was compromised. For example, a company may involve a central database that keeps copies in its secret-key system authentication. If this central database is attacked, a widespread forgery on the product of this company would occur. Public-key authentication can prevent this forgery and secure the products of the company. Cryptography has the disadvantage of speed during encryption. Some encryptions methods are faster than others but they take time to encrypt. In order to maximally reduce the time used during encryption, it is advisable to combine several methods to obtain security advantages and speed. This is done by using public-key systems together with secret-key systems. Public key-systems have the advantage of security while secret key systems have the advantage of speed. This protocol is normally referred to as digital envelope (Mollin 2001). The creation of the code used in the encryption and decryption process takes time. For one to figure out the best code to use they have to be an expert in that field and at the same time is patient. This makes the process of make the process of cryptography a hectic and tiring one. In the past sending a code from one person

Balance in the Administration of Justice and Security Essay

Balance in the Administration of Justice and Security - Essay Example This is because of the change in technology and new laws that aid in balancing the two. New laws have been formed and implemented in order to protect the rights of citizens while still offering them security. Some of these laws include different and less torturous methods of punishing the offenders. There have also been several changes in the constitution. Many rights have been included in the constitution in order to maintain peace by creating a stable balance. Mass media and technology have helped in the balance. The issues concerning legal environment have been enacted in the constitution in order to grant citizens justice and security. Balance is very important in all the countries in order to maintain peace and order. Introduction The introduction of new laws and policies has helped in the evolution of justice and security in the 21st century. Many countries have established new policies that govern how civil and criminal activities are handled. The countries have also increased surveillance in order to minimize such cases. For example, the United States government has formed an anti terrorist act in order to prevent crime. The people working in the law enforcement and security sides have to make sure that they are not abusing the rights of victims or criminals while working on their cases. Justice should be a natural right. In social environment, justice must be natural. The actions of the police have to be in relation to this statement. Their role in the system has to be governed by this goal of the justice system. Justice involves digging deep down into the issue in order to deliver justice. In order for police to administer justice, they have to take no sides whenever investigating an issue. Selflessness will assist them in maintaining law and order (Alexander, 2003). They should have passion in their doing in order to achieve this. According to the constitution the police should present service of justice with loyalty. Before, the police used to admin ister justice in the favor of the rich and wealthy. Very few wealthy people used to be arrested or even sent to jail. With the new laws and policies that have evolved in the 21st century, the administration of justice by the police is based on the balance of justice and security. The rich are at a low risk of going to jail unlike the poor people. This has been so because the rich are able to hire top lawyers. In very few cases we hear the rich people in our communities go to jail. They are always given the lowest charges. For example, many celebrities all over the world are found with many illegal commodities like guns and drugs. Most of these celebrities are charged with the shortest term in jail. On the other hand, the poor people are the ones who are punished more. This is because they are not able to pay lawyers like the rich. This was the case in the past few years. Even if some of these cases still exist, the evolution of the balance in the administration of justice has helped minimize these cases. All governments now have lawyers who represent the poor people in the community. The poor are now able to express themselves in a court of law. Torture which was one of the main methods that the police used in many countries was abolished. Torture was seen as the quickest means of obtaining information from people. By doing so, they made sure that justice was

The Romantic Movement Essay Example for Free

The Romantic Movement Essay The Romantic Movement was the beginning of a whole new form of poetry and was, in itself, a revolt against the very nature of the aristocracy and political agendas of the people in power. With that said, the Victorian Period was a shift away from Romanticism by its very literal focus on Queen Victoria and her whole reformation agenda, while the poets of the time kept the life of the Romantic Movement well within their writing. Moreover, some critics believe that poetry of the Victorian Period is a continuation into the third and fourth generation of poetry from the Romantic Movement which can be seen in the poetic writings of John Keats, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Browning, and Alfred Lord Tennyson. To begin with, John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† is perhaps one of the most romantic odes to an inanimate object ever seen. Near the end of the poem, in the final stanza, the speaker muses that â€Å"beauty is truth, truth beauty ,† which can be read as an obvious statement about love and beauty, or as a statement on the elusiveness that both true beauty and truth possess, which actually remarks on the ideals behind the foundation of the Romantic Movement. Either way, â€Å"Ode† is as purely romantic as poetry can get and proved to lay the groundwork for future poetry of the Romantic Movement. Samuel Taylor Coleridge took a different path and worked on the essence of beauty in nature as the speaker in â€Å"The Eolian Harp† goes on about â€Å"white flower’d Jasmin, and the broad-leav’d Myrtle,/(Meet emblems they of innocence and love! ) † and the harp’s â€Å"long sequacious notes/over delicious surges sink and rise/such a soft floating witchery of sound/as twilight Elfins make . † Rarely has a more romantic statement been uttered about a simple harp, but Coleridge is doing more than just personification, here. His poem is making a statement that the aristocracy cannot deny: political norms are out, and strong emotion for the beauty and sublimity of nature is in. Robert Browning takes a bite out of the Victorian aristocracy as well with his poem entitled â€Å"My Last Duchess. † In it, Browning, though well in the Victorian era, weaves a tale of a Duke who had his last wife, the Duchess, killed because of her trampy ways; which he ironically professes to admire as he looks upon her painting. But the Duke isn’t done with his line of many wives and hopes to marry the Count’s daughter with his â€Å"dowry†¦[for] his fair daughter’s self . † Browning is trite and dramatic, giving such personification to a painting, but he too speaks to the aristocracy with pure, delightful historical allusion. Alfred Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† strikes a completely different tune as he takes pure poetic license with his entirely enjambed lines and heroic to the point of transcendent verse. It is the tale of Ulysses (Odysseus) after he has finally returned from his twenty year voyage of hell on earth. It can be read as man’s struggle for existence now that his life has been returned, but strong romantic overtones fight their way to the forefront of this poem because life is not what it used to be for Ulysses. Ulysses is no longer the symbol of man vs. nature, as he has been transformed in this poem into man vs. himself. Perhaps the rise of Queen Victoria and her reign of politics and power had Tennyson parrying man vs. himself in an attempt to show the vain nature of the power players, but it can be seen from the striking emotional outpouring and powerful descriptions of nature that Tennyson remained influenced by the Romantic Movement. Overall, despite the rise of the Victorian Era, the powerful emotions and influence of the writings from the Romantic Movement refused to be replaced by odes to political figures because of the sheer amusement and pleasure poets like Browning and Tennyson found in their writings. Though they attempted to shield their emotional outpourings in allusions and aristocratic themes, their messages were not to be denied.

Gross National Product :: essays research papers

Gross National Product GNP Top 10 (2004) (currency exchange rate)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Country  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP ($ mill) 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United States 10,945,792 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan 4,389,791 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany 2,084,631 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United Kingdom 1,680,300 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France 1,523,025 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China 1,417,301 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Italy 1,242,978 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada 756,770 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spain 698,208 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico 637,159 Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced in a year by domestically owned factors of production. Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good. For example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good; the components such as tires sold to the car manufacturer are not; they are intermediate goods used to make the final good. The same tires, if sold to a consumer, would be a final good. Only final goods are included when measuring national income. If intermediate goods were included too, this would lead to double counting; for example, the value of the tires would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold to the consumer. Only newly produced goods are counted. Transactions in existing goods, such as second-hand cars, are not included, as these do not involve the production of new goods. Income is counted as part of GNP according to who owns the factors of production rather than where the production takes place. For example, in the case of a German-owned car factory operating in the US, the profits from the factory would be counted as part of German GNP rather than US GNP because the capital used in production (the factory, machinery, etc.) is German owned. The wages of the American workers would be part of US GNP, while the wages of any German workers on the site would be part of German GNP. Gross Domestic Product GDP Top 10 (2004) (currency exchange rate)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Country  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GDP ($ mill) 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United States  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10,435,284 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5,409,852 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4,326,444 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,400,655 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United Kingdom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,794,858 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,747,973 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Italy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,465,895 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  958,390 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  836,100 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  626,888 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. GDP counts income according to where it is earned rather than who owns the factors of production. In the above example, all of the income from the car factory would be counted as US GDP rather than German GDP. To convert from GNP to GDP you must subtract factor income receipts from foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced abroad using factor inputs supplied by domestic sources. To convert from GDP to GNP you must add factor input payments to foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced in the domestic country using the factor inputs supplied by foreigners.

Oil and Global Warming in Saudi Arabia Essay

Oil has been identified as a very important resource; it provides a lot of significant benefits to mankind. It is used for numerous purposes such as transportation, heating, electricity production, and industrial applications. It has a high energy density which makes it an efficient fuel source plus the fact that it is fairly easy to transport and store. Its versatility is of great importance, and this is proven by being by most valuable commodity in world trade (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003,). According to Doyle, it is estimated that two billion dollars switch hands in petroleum transactions, making it the world’s first trillion dollar industry (cited in O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). Oil is very profitable for corporations as well as for governments since oil taxes generate a lot of income. Oil is important for the national economic viability of Saudi Arabia as it accounts for more than 80 percent of total national exports. Other countries that are dependent on the oil business are Libya, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). Environmental Effects of Oil Oil transport, refining, exploration, drilling, and extraction have had negative effects on the environment, but much attention has recently been focused on the negative environmental impacts of the use of oil. It is widely believed that burning fossil fuels contribute to global warming since carbon dioxide, an abundant greenhouse gas, is produced as oil is burned. Findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicate that around three quarters of total carbon dioxide emissions come from fossil fuel use (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). To be able to fully understand the how oil use affects global warming, it is necessary to get a clear understanding of the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Imagine a greenhouse and that is just how the greenhouse effect works. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and ozone trap heat thereby slowing its escape from the atmosphere. The dramatic increase in the release of greenhouse gases has brought about an abnormal increase in the average world temperature already estimated at around 1 percent at the turn of the century. However, without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold to sustain the currently thriving ecosystems (West, 2008b). Due to the fact that oil is a widely used resource and that oil produces significant amounts of carbon dioxide as it â€Å"generates roughly 30 percent more carbon dioxide from every unit of energy produced,† it can be inferred that dependence on oil has extensively contributed to global warming (Barry & Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Importance of Oil to Saudi Arabia In all parts of the world, oil is considered as an important resource especially in modern life. â€Å"Any measures to reduce oil consumption were hampered by powerful opposition of certain governments and inter-governmental organizations† (Barry & Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Oil is particularly of great importance especially to members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since it constitutes a great part of the income of member countries. Saudi Arabia is a member of the OPEC including Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Saudi Arabia may be considered as the most important oil producer since it produces large amounts of oil as it accounts for 13 percent of the world’s total oil output. It makes up 35 percent of the OPEC’s total oil production in 1991. Saudi Arabia has also been identified as the â€Å"swing producer† of oil since it has the capacity to affect the level of supply and demand as well as affect international oil prices. Oil is important to Saudi Arabian economy as figures in 1991 pointed out that oil accounted for 73 percent of the country’s revenues. 90 percent of total oil exports in 1991 come from Saudi Aramco (Country Studies). However, data from Beyond Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy shows that despite the knowledge of the implication of oil in global warming, the consumption still increased—the 3163. 5 million tonnes consumed in 1992 jumped to 3462. 4 in 1999 (Beyond Petroleum, 2008). Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change Despite the great number of proponents pointing to global warming as a real environmental threat, Idso and Idso (2008) indicate that it is â€Å"highly unlikely† that increases in carbon dioxide emissions will lead to global warming. They cited numerous arguments that would disestablish the link between the global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. They primarily indicated that there is a â€Å"weak short-term correlation† between carbon dioxide and temperature increase. Thus, the emissions may not be the likely cause of any warming that is being experienced or will be experienced. Even as both temperature and carbon dioxide emissions have increased, this does not necessarily mean that the two are interrelated. To identify a clear causal relationship, the presumed cause must precede the presumed effect. Several cycles of increase and decrease must also be present in order to make a concrete judgment that the two factors indeed affect each other. They also indicated that â€Å"a strong negative climatic feedback† will prevent any catastrophic warming from manifesting. These play a major role in the planet’s climate system but are totally ignored by scientists lobbying for the existence of global warming. They cited numerous other factors that would disprove the existence of global warming. II. Saudi Arabia The Oil Industry The Saudi Arabia landscape is characterized by the presence of several multi-million dollars worth of infrastructure created to support the oil production capability of the country. These infrastructures are costly investments made by different companies. The effort to contain the emission of carbon dioxide from oil manufacturing and processing sources has different impacts, particularly in economics. Another â€Å"important issue concerns taxes and duties on oil products consumed in oil-importing countries as well as environmental taxes and duties on emissions of carbon dioxide, aimed at curbing oil demand and potentially harming oil exporters’ revenues† (Noreng, 2006, p. 16). Oil production felt a decline. In 2002, daily oil production in Saudi Arabia was 8,928 thousand barrels, and this steadily climbed to 11,114 thousand barrels in 2005. However, this dropped to 10,853 and 10,413 thousand barrels in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Last year, Saudi Arabia’s total oil output dropped by 440,000 barrels per day and is the largest decline in the world last year. In addition, the whole of the Middle East produced 25,176 thousand barrels daily in 2007. The Middle East is also the world’s largest oil producer and holds the highest share in the world’s remaining oil reserves at 21. 3 percent with 264. 2 thousand million barrels. In measuring oil consumption, Saudi Arabia does not consume as much with 2,154 thousand barrels daily. The United States is the largest oil consumer with a consumption rate 20,698 thousand barrels per day (Beyond Petroleum [BP], 2008). Saudi Aramco and the Environment Saudi Aramco or Arabian-American Oil Company, which is based in Saudi Arabia, is the world largest oil company. It produces the most quantity of oil and also leads the count with its oil reserves. It has 102 oil and gas fields within its grasp as of the middle part of 2007. Its oil reserves amount to 259. 9 billion barrels and it produces 8. 9 million barrels per day. Its oil exports for the year 2006 amount to 2,541,692,569 barrels (Country Studies, 2008). Saudi Aramco has unveiled that it would help fight global warming through cutting carbon dioxide emission in the oil and gas business. Experts indicated that persuading Saudi Aramco to fight against global warming is a big step forward since it is the world’s largest oil producer. Saudi Aramco president and Chief Executive Officer Abdallah Jum’ah told a panel from 163 nations in a meeting in Germany about expanding the Kyoto Protocol that â€Å"the petroleum industry should actively engage in policy debate on climate change as well as play an active role in developing and implementing carbon management technologies† (Hammond, 2006, n. p. ). He clearly indicated that national oil players such as Saudi Aramco can make great contributions in forwarding anti-climate change efforts. During the meeting, Robert Socolow from Princeton University also indicated that 40 percent of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions comes from the oil industry. He also indicated that the oil industry is the major cause of global warming. Aramco officials also stated that research and development effort have already leaned towards removing or reducing carbon dioxide omissions coming from oil (Hammond, 2006). Saudi Aramco has expressed that it cares for the environment such that it has an Environment Protection Department that provides leadership on environmental issues and its operations are always environmentally responsible. Saudi Aramco considers the environment as a basic responsibility and a company commitment. The company has developed a variety of operational requirement that give consideration to environmental impacts such as â€Å"sanitary codes, project environmental assessments, air and water quality standards, occupational health regulations, hazardous material communication guidelines, waste management procedures, and vital oil spill contingency plans† (Saudi Aramco, 2008). The Environmental Impacts of Oil Oil has always been an environmental issue. From searching for oil, refining it and until its usage, it is always regarded as an environmental threat. Oil exploration and drilling are the first phases in the oil life cycle. It is also referred to as the â€Å"upstream phase† (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 593). Drilling and extracting oil affect the natural ecosystems, human health, as well as local cultures. It does not matter if the drilling is on-shore or off-shore; the effects are just the same. The physical modifications in the environment caused by oil exploration, drilling, and extraction are so devastating that they could be more harmful than a large oil spill. The more devastating effects of these are â€Å"deforestation, ecosystem destruction, chemical contamination of land and water, long-term harm to animal populations (particularly to migratory birds and marine mammals), human health, safety risks for neighboring communities and oil industry workers, and displacement of indigenous communities† (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 593-594). Oil exploration requires heavy equipment, and moving these equipment results in deforestation and erosion. Mobile rigs used for temporary drillings can reach weights of over two million pounds. On the other hand, drillings make use of large amounts of water and also contaminate it in the process. It is released afterwards which leads to the contamination of land. Exploration and extraction have also been known to produce large volumes of drilling wastes and associated wastes. In addition, oil processes make use of a waste pit where chemicals and other wastes from the oil process are being dumped. Exposure of these oil pits is a threat to aquifers as well as to animals and birds. They can mistake the pits for water holes, therefore engorging themselves in chemical waste. Exploration, drilling, and extraction also lead to a variety of health risks for humans. These risks may arise from radioactive materials that have surfaced from drilling as well as the bioaccumulation of oil, mercury, and other hazardous elements in animals that are consumed by humans (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). Oil Spill Threat In order for oil to be delivered to different parts of the world, oil transport is necessary, and the main mode of oil transport is through oil tankers. However, moving oil using pipelines is becoming vastly popular. Oil currently accounts for half of all sea cargo and oil pipelines now spread more compared to railroads. Oil transport has also led to an environmental threat known as oil spills. Large oil spills receive much attention particularly because of media coverage; however, small cumulative spills go undocumented and measuring the amount of oil spillage from these proves to be significant. Accidents have been known to occur at all segments of transport as well as at each point of transfer. Also, since the 1960s, at least one large-scale oil spill has been documented every year (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). Ocean transport of crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 3,000 gallons spilled per billion ton-miles in 1983 and nearly 8,000 gallons per billion ton-miles in 1984. Pipeline spills contributed less than 100 gallons per billion ton-miles for both years. (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 599) Oil spills have also been known to occur during extractions. A 2002 estimate by the National Academy of Sciences indicated that 38,000 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil and gas operations were released into the world’s oceans (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 595). Saudi Aramco Oil Spill Contingency Plan Saudi Aramco has always been responsible in handling oil spills such that it has developed a contingency plan against to help counter oil spills. Saudi Aramco’s first focus on handling oil spills is being self-sufficient. It â€Å"built specialized oil spill recovery and containment vessels, and purchased equipment and materials to combat spills† (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2). In 1989, it even designated a committee to review and assess the anti-oil spill capabilities of the company. The task force made recommendations which were called the Global Oil Spill Contingency Plan which (1) â€Å"establish[ed] an oil spill policy for [the company’s] worldwide operations,† (2) â€Å"direct[ed] Saudi Aramco and its affiliates to join major cooperatives and assign[ed] regional responsibility for oil spills† and (3) â€Å"require[d] the development, implementation, and maintenance of regional and owned tanker oil spill plans† (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2-3). Saudi Aramco has also established an Oil Spill Committee in 1990 and this committee instituted a policy for the prevention and cleanup of oil spills resulting from the company’s operations. The Global Oil Spill Coordination Group was created to put into action and coordinate company activities that address the oil spills. If an oil spill takes place, a Regional Oil Spill Coordinator cleans the oil spill with the aid of an Oil Spill Response Team. The director takes care of the spill and is responsible for safe and efficient control, cleanup operations, disposal, restoration, as well as documentation processes. The response team is always ready as they receive special regular trainings (Zaindin, 1996, p. 3-4). Equipment that could effectively handle small to medium-sized oil spills have been stationed at the vicinity of the Red Sea and in case of any large oil spills, additional resources will be brought to immediately address the threat. Saudi Aramco has also inked ties with organizations that provide cooperative assistance in case of oil spill, namely, the Oil Spill Response (OSR) Ltd. based in England, Clean Caribbean Cooperative (CCC), Marine Preservation Association (MPA), Marine Industry Repsonse Group (MIRG), and the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organization (GAOCMAO) (Zaindin, 1996, p. 4). III. Involvement Saudi Arabia and Japan Saudi Arabia has been involved in a lot of international treaties. One of these treaties was signed with Japan when both countries, among other things, acknowledged the importance of the stability of the world oil market as well as the importance of adopting security measures against global warming (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the stability of the world oil market. The Japanese side expressed its appreciation and understanding for the Saudi Arabia’s balanced oil policy, which is a secure and reliable source for providing oil supplies to the international markets in general, and to the Japanese market in particular†¦while stressing the significance to further promote bilateral cooperation in energy, based upon mutually complementary relationship between Saudi Arabia, with its largest hydrocarbon resource in the world, and Japan, with its advanced energy-related technologies. The Saudi side expressed its intention to continue to assure stable oil supply to Japan, and the Japanese side expressed its appreciation for this (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides [also] decided that the international community should adopt appropriate measures against a possible global warming, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities as stated in the international agreements on climate change. In this regard, the Japanese side expressed its willingness to develop its cooperation in both levels of government and private sectors to promote the clean development mechanism (CDM) that contributes to combating the possible global warming as well as achieving sustainable developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the roles of the private sectors in both countries for promoting CDM projects (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Saudi Arabia should use the power of the law, as well as submit to the rule of international law, in order for efforts versus global warming to be successful. â€Å"Law plays an important role in environmental protection at both the international and the national levels† (Chopra, Leemans, & Kumar, 2005, p. 41). However, a drawback to this concept is the fact that Saudi Arabia itself shows signs of not being fully amenable to the stipulations of several international agreements and international laws on global warming. â€Å"Some OPEC countries (e. g. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) also opposed the FCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change) for fear of its potential impact on the price of crude oil† (Alexander & Fairbridge, 1999, p. 637). The Clean Air Act and Addressing Global Warming The Clean Air Act is a law that has been passed by some countries in a hope to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have adopted such laws and even some third world countries have done so. Saudi Arabia has yet to adopt such a law. In the United States, the Clean Air Act is a federal law which means that its coverage spans the whole country and it has been an effective tool in regulating greenhouse gas emissions. The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) plays a crucial role in regulating processes regarding the law such as setting limits on certain air pollutants. The Clean Air Act which resulted in reduced air pollution has improved human health as well as the status of the environment. Since 1970, the six common air pollutants have been reduced to 50 percent while air toxics from large industries including oil refineries have been reduced by 70 percent. Additionally, new cars are 90 percent cleaner and are expected to be a lot cleaner in the future. Ozone depleting chemicals such as CFC’s have also ceased production. This all happened while the economy prospered and energy and vehicle use increased (EPA, 2008). The same benefits could possibly be reaped if Saudi Arabia would adopt the same policies. The 2007 Climate Change Performance Index indicated that Saudi Arabia is at the bottom of the list when it comes to addressing global warming followed by the United States, China and Malaysia. Sweden, Britain and Denmark were identified as the countries that have been doing the most to prevent further global warming. Nevertheless, the report indicated that what Sweden, Britain and Denmark are doing are not enough to prevent further climate change. IV. Organizations Different organizations and alliances take part in addressing global warming, like the Kyoto Protocol and the WTO. While Saudi Arabia is an active international player, it is not always in agreement with the rest of the group. Referring to the act of non compliance to the Protocol’s instituted policies, Grosse (2005) stated that â€Å"Saudi Arabia has been among the non-Annex I countries that have been particular to the Protocol† (p. 155). â€Å"The issue of subsidies favoring the coal, nuclear renewables sector has been raised by Saudi Arabia in the WTO’s Committee on Trade and Environment,† according to Yamin and Depledge (2004, p. 256), in reaction to the WTO policies. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is one doctrine that binds nations that have ratified it to help fight against global warming by reducing their emissions of six greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFC’s and PFC’s. It was instituted in Kyoto, Japan on December 1997 and was opened for ratification on March 16 of the succeeding year. The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5. 2 percent below the 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels from 2008 to 2012. Countries that have bound themselves to the protocol must adopt certain policies and strategies in order to meet the specified emission targets. However, the protocol has been subject to a lot of debate because it exempts developing countries, such as China and India as well as Saudi Arabia, from having emissions cuts. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol because of the exemption of the developing countries. US President George W. Bush also stated that they will not sign the protocol because it does not bind developing countries and that it would be harmful to the US economy (West, 2008a). Late in 2004, the government of Saudi Arabia has approved of the Kyoto Protocol, but being a developing country, Saudi Arabia is not bound to adopt any cuts on greenhouse emissions although it is expected that the Saudi Arabian government will suffer huge financial losses as the developed countries approve the protocol. According to Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi, the government will have accumulated losses amounting to $19 billion by 2010 because of the policies that the developed nations will adopt in order to reduce their emissions to meet the specified targets (Planet Ark, 2004). Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one approach that scientists are looking at which could probably help mitigate global warming. It has been regarded that CCS will reduce the costs associated with mitigating climate change as well as provide flexibility in attaining greenhouse gas reduction goals. CCS makes use of new technology. It collects and concentrates the carbon dioxide produced in industrial and energy related sources and transports it to a storage location where it will be kept away from the atmosphere. This would allow the use of fossil fuels such as oil with a minimum level of greenhouse emissions (Metz, Davidson, de Coninck, Loos, & Meyer, 2005). Geological storage is one form of CCS. It is done by injecting carbon dioxide in dense form into rock formations underground. Porous rock formations have great potential in storing carbon dioxide. Such rock formations may include those that previously hold oil and natural gas. This kind of carbon storage is already being used in three industrial sites, namely, the Sleipnir Project in the North Sea, the Weyburn Project in Canada and the In Salah Project based in Nigeria. Moreover, 30 megatons of carbon dioxide per year is injected for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). This is mostly in Texas and the United States. This system of carbon capture and storage makes use of almost the same technology used for the exploration and production of gas (Metz, et al. , 2005). Geological storage may however be associated with some risks. Leakage from stored carbon dioxide may provide certain risks which are classified as either global risks or local risks. Global risk is identified as the release of carbon dioxide which will have significant effects on global warming. On the other hand, carbon dioxide leakage may also expose humans, ecosystems and groundwater to certain risks. These are the local risks (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 1 shows an overview of geological storage. Annex 1: Overview of Geological Storage Another type of carbon storage is ocean storage. It is done by injecting captured carbon dioxide at depths of greater than 1,000 m. under the ocean. This would isolate the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for centuries. Consequently, the stored carbon dioxide will become part of the global carbon cycle. However, just like geological storage, ocean storage also has certain risks such that it can cause a great deal of harm. Studies have indicated that animals have been found with reduced rates of calcification, reproduction, growth, circulatory oxygen supply and mobility, and even an increased mortality rate. Annex 2 shows detailed information on Ocean Storage (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 2: Overview of Ocean Storage Mineral carbonation and industrial use is yet another form of carbon capture and storage. Mineral carbonation makes use of converting carbon dioxide into solid inorganic carbonates through some form of chemical reaction. Mineral carbonation is actually a natural earthly process called â€Å"weathering† but human intervention needs to hasten this process since it is too slow to become a viable carbon storage system. Industrial use involves using carbon dioxide â€Å"directly or as a feedstock for production of various carbon-containing chemicals† (IPCC, __, p. 39). Industrial use makes use of chemical and biological processes wherein carbon dioxide is utilized as a reactant. The industrial use of carbon dioxide can help keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by instead diverting it into a â€Å"carbon chemical pool†, but this measure will only be of great benefit to preventing climate change if there is a significant amount of carbon dioxide taken away from the atmosphere. Refer to Annex 3 for more detailed information (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 3: Mineral Carbonation and Industrial Use Saudi Arabia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have expressed support with the development of this technology. Norway also demonstrated great interest with Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Norwegian Oil and Energy Minister Aaslaug Haga has requested the support of the Saudi Arabian government in the development of CCS to which Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi responded eagerly. Dagens Naeringsliv quoted al Naimi saying that â€Å"both Saudi Arabia and Norway are concerned about the environment and want to reduce emissions with all possible means. CO2 capture and storage is an excellent way to reduce emissions† (Acher, 2008, n. p. ). These countries want carbon capture technology included in the Clean Development Mechanism so that industrialized countries can cooperate to help advance this technology (Acher, 2008). According to the European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants, it is the lack of funding which impales research on carbon capture which then limits its potential (Kanter, 2008). The King of Saudi Arabia announced that the Saudi Arabian government will shell out 300 million USD for research on climate change, and this includes Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates also made an assurance that each of them will be giving $150 million each tom support the Saudi Arabian endeavor (OPEC, 2007). Saudi Arabia shelling out that huge an amount of money for climate change research would indicate that the kingdom is now giving attention to climate change. The World Trade Organization Saudi Arabia is now also a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has recently signed a bilateral trade agreement with the United States. The trade agreement came at a good time since Saudi Arabian imports have experienced a decline. The WTO has become a sign of respect and acceptance for Saudi Arabia particularly because it is the only GCC country and the largest oil producer (Zahid, 2005). Saudi Arabia initially did not join GATT, the WTO’s predecessor global trade agreement because oil, its sole export at the time, was not part of GATT (still not part of WTO). Later, as the Kingdom developed its downstream oil and petrochemical capacity, joining WTO became a key imperative in order to protect its exports from inordinate tariffs by mature, high-cost producer countries. (Zahid, 2005) For new aspirants at the WTO, rules may be harsh such that they will need to sign bilateral agreements with any member country that requests it, and the terms will have to be extended to other member countries. Afterwards, a multilateral agreement should be inked with all member countries before being admitted into the WTO (Zahid, 2005). According to Zahid, the WTO had some negative impacts on Saudi Arabia but the WTO may be likened to a medicine. â€Å"It is painful to swallow but it eventually makes you better† (Zahid, 2005, n. p. ). In the short term, the WTO will hurt Saudi Arabia, but in the long run, the Saudi Arabian economy will prosper because of the WTO such that there will be increased transparency, protection of copyrights, rule of law, and foreign investment. Saudi Arabia’s exports will also have access to WTO member countries (Zahid, 2005). The full impact of WTO will be a long and unfolding story for the country. We still need to know the details of the final agreement. WTO has given other countries long implementation periods and many exceptions. Also, we have to see what the final Saudi offer is in terms of tariffs, sectors, binding rates, etc. With this report, we start a series on what the WTO means for Saudi Arabia. (Zahid, 2005) On one point of view, it is regarded that the WTO can enforce better greenhouse gas reductions compared to the Kyoto Protocol. Peter Franklin of the Guardian proposes the: Negotiat[ion of] a successor to Kyoto and then let the WTO enforce it. Nations that failed to meet their carbon targets would have a proportionate tariff slapped on their imports. Such a system could even be used to deal with countries that refused to sign up to the new agreement. The WTO would unilaterally impose a target on each non-signatory nation, with their excess carbon emissions and consequent penalties being assessed in absentia. The export-led economies of China, India and other key Kyoto absentees would be particularly susceptible to such pressure (Franklin, 2006). The Kyoto Protocol has no fangs and this could be filled in by the WTO as those who do not approve of reducing greenhouse targets will have to suffer some consequences from the WTO. This could however be treated as a disrespect to a country’s sovereignty. In the long run, since the WTO would attract more foreign investment, foreign investments will also be encouraged in developing alternative, renewable energy solutions in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, CCS can thrive from a commercial point of view as the awareness of climate change would trigger interest in forwarding this technology for economic gains. The WTO system encourages a good government, which in turn will help in framing policies for increased participation in anti-climate change efforts. V. Problems and Solutions The planet’s worsening climate condition is partly the doing of the industrial cities in Saudi Arabia, from where carbon dioxide emissions from oil manufacturing and processing come from. The investment of Saudi Arabia in finding solutions for the problems posed by global warming is research and resources. Countries like Saudi Arabia allocate funds for studies. It focuses its studies on oil-related aspects of global warming management. It is important for countries to sponsor studies so that they can get first hand information about global warming and its implications. â€Å"Nations should foster the continued development of these epistemic communities not only to stimulate new avenues of research, but also to help create greater opportunities for consensus building and coordinated action† (Lee, 1995, p. 14). In reducing carbon dioxide emissions coming from oil, there are a variety of methods that could be adopted. One is eliminating subsidies to prevent increase in consumption levels. Simply saving up on energy use can help alleviate greenhouse emissions. Resorting to renewable energy sources provides great potential in dealing with this environmental threat since these renewable energy sources produce no amount of emissions whatsoever. For countries like Saud